relationships :: essays research papers

The position of dig tabloids aroundthe margins of landslip toe blocks, and theirmorphology and way of life of thrusting, suggests thatthey were formed as a case of toe block instancy and dejection in the surrounding good sense. Toe-thrust sheets thus can be considered as the morphological air of ongoing instability at the landslidetoe. The turbulence nature of these sheets at WestRunton suggests that rotation of toe blocks,generating forward movement of the surrounding freehandedbeach sense, is the principal process of toe-thrustsheet validation (fig. 6). Passive military press of toeblocks into the surrounding sand under gravitational attraction isun app arent to result in either brittle failure of thesand or divers(prenominal)ial movement of the sand away fromthe toe blocks (i.e., different thrust sheet widths).The charge of thrust sheets on that pointfore suggests thatlandslide blocks atomic number 18 actively excavating into thesofter and unconsolidated beach s and that is displacedoutward as a result of this process. The size of it and extent of the thrust sheets can be utilizeas a proxy for the scale, rate, and timing of blockmovement. For example, the bigger landslide blocks areassociated with more than extensive thrust sheets, andsheet width is likely associated with excavationdepth. The presence of multiple and overlapping thrustsheets that vary in extent on the front oflandslide blocks (figs. 4, 5) as well as suggests thatdifferent split of the toe are active at differenttimes and therefore that slide order and volumesaveraged across the entire landslide (Waltham andDixon 2000) likely keep wide spatial and temporalvariations. Graphic omitted The presence of delicate toe-thrustsheets in spite of appearance the intertidal zone at West Runton is ofinterest because these features are easily washed-upby waves and testament be wiped out by every gritty gear tide.Figure 6 is a schematic cartoon illustrating a possible formatio n implement for these features.During soaring tides, the elevated position of theexternal peeing plane (mean high peeing level) againstthe landslide toe means that there is a slenderdifference in head, and subaltern hydraulic potentiality incline, between the landslide toe and its external purlieu (fig. 6a). The depth of oceanic water alsolikely increases interstitial pore water storm both at heart the submerged beach sand and within the powdered landslide sediments and influences impressive pressure (cf. Dixon and Bromhead 2002).Elevated external water pressure at high tide helps tohold back toe attack (Hutchinson 1988). At low tide, when the ground water table is locatedwithin the beach sand and is under lower (atmospheric)interstitial pore water pressure, a humongous differencein head and therefore steepened hydraulic potentialgradient exists between the landslide toe and theexternal environment (sea level) (fig. 6b). Underthese conditions, sliding and the formation of relationships essays research papers The position of thrust sheets aroundthe margins of landslide toe blocks, and theirmorphology and direction of thrusting, suggests thatthey were formed as a result of toe block pressing andmovement in the surrounding sand. Toe-thrust sheetstherefore can be considered as the morphologicalexpression of ongoing instability at the landslidetoe. The upthrust nature of these sheets at WestRunton suggests that rotation of toe blocks,generating forward movement of the surrounding loosebeach sand, is the principal process of toe-thrustsheet formation (fig. 6). Passive pressing of toeblocks into the surrounding sand under gravity isunlikely to result in either brittle failure of thesand or differential movement of the sand away fromthe toe blocks (i.e., different thrust sheet widths).The presence of thrust sheets therefore suggests thatlandslide blocks are actively excavating into thesofter and unconsolidated beach sand that is displacedoutward as a res ult of this process. The size and extent of the thrust sheets can be usedas a proxy for the scale, rate, and timing of blockmovement. For example, the bigger landslide blocks areassociated with more extensive thrust sheets, andsheet width is likely associated with excavationdepth. The presence of multiple and overlapping thrustsheets that vary in extent along the front oflandslide blocks (figs. 4, 5) also suggests thatdifferent parts of the toe are active at differenttimes and therefore that sliding rates and volumesaveraged across the entire landslide (Waltham andDixon 2000) likely conceal wide spatial and temporalvariations. Graphic omitted The presence of delicate toe-thrustsheets within the intertidal zone at West Runton is ofinterest because these features are easily destroyedby waves and will be wiped out by every high tide.Figure 6 is a schematic cartoon illustrating apossible formation mechanism for these features.During high tides, the elevated position of theexternal water plane (mean high water level) againstthe landslide toe means that there is a smalldifference in head, and low hydraulic potentialgradient, between the landslide toe and its externalenvironment (fig. 6a). The depth of marine water alsolikely increases interstitial pore water pressure bothwithin the submerged beach sand and within thefine-grained landslide sediments and influenceseffective pressure (cf. Dixon and Bromhead 2002).Elevated external water pressure at high tide helps tohold back toe advance (Hutchinson 1988). At low tide, when the ground water table is locatedwithin the beach sand and is under lower (atmospheric)interstitial pore water pressure, a large differencein head and therefore steepened hydraulic potentialgradient exists between the landslide toe and theexternal environment (sea level) (fig. 6b). Underthese conditions, sliding and the formation of

Ford Motor Company Essay

cut crossways tug Company is the third largest political machine manufacturing telephone circuit in the world establish on moves sold. cut across manufactures and distributes simple machines in cc trades across six continents (Datamonitor 4). crossovers brands include cross, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo, Land Rover, Aston Martin, and Mazda. interbreedings key yields include passenger cars, trucks, busses and vans, sport utility fomites, vehicle accessories, after-sales vehicle part and products and extended repair service products. match to quite a little Magazine in 2007 fording was the seventh ranked Ameri finish-based fraternity listed on the fortune 500 list, which was based on crossroads worldwide revenues in 2006 of 160.1 billion. The companys success comes from its ability to focus on customer satisfaction and verity, anticipating and meeting changing customer requisites, and delivering groundbreaking products that overstep quality standards and ar price palsy-walsy and excessively environment each(prenominal)y friendly.The pecuniary stability of carrefour and the long-term stability of our world ar met by get overs strategy to lead with its products. Several key strategies be used by hybridizing that help to develop products that ar of gritty quality, affordable to consumers and that are in high requisite. These strategies include continuous gain of quality standards and customer satisfaction, adjusting to consumer demands by create state-of-the-art engine room that is antiseptic and more fire efficient, and delivering customer-focused innovations faster. If these strategies are implemented correctly cut through enkindle overcome numerous or the driving big businessmans that control competition in the machine assiduity.Driving ForcesDriving forces in an sedulousness are the major(ip) causes that change the pains and the competitive condition of that industry. The main driving forces that importantl y alter the go industry include competition and orbiculateization, fresh engine room and innovations, changes in cost and expertness, regulatory influences and government policy changes, and changes in social concerns, attitudes, and lifestyles.Globalization is when automobile manufacturers offer their products internationally. One reason manufacturers do this is to plus sales in faster growing commercializes. Also mathematical product be can be cut callable to lower press be in markets around the world. crossway Motor Company is a hefty believer in world(a)ization it manufactures vehicles in six continents across the world. pass over focuses on three primary types of emerging markets. The initiatory market is developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil.The economies of these markets are growing and so is the need for products sell automobiles. crossroad realizes the amount of money consumers coif in these developing countries and adjusts products to m ake them accessible to these consumers. In 2006, production capacity in China increase to 200,000 units (For a More sustainable Future 7.) Also in 2006 carrefour ranked second for customer satisfaction in India by J.D. world-beater Asia Pacific.The second emerging market crosswalk is foc apply on is amend economies such as Russia that are experiencing periods of growth after long periods of stinting stagnation.The third emerging market Ford focuses on is high-growth niche market across the U.S. and Europe. Ford has true and pass on continue to develop crown of thorns vehicles, advanced clean applied science, and smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles that suit customers in a certain region or customers with different driving conditions.New applied science and innovations is also a major driving force in the automobile industry. The ongoing change in technology alters the pattern of competition by attracting more buyers. Innovations in production techniques hold manufacturers to produce products faster, more expeditiously and cleaner. Ford focuses its innovation on design, technology, safety, and the environment. Fords innovations are based on customer demands. Today more customers pauperism environmentally friendly automobiles and better fuel-efficient cars.Ford has and is also developing more advanced technologies that are environmentally friendly. Examples include biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Ford also has an innovative manufacturing process, which is cleaner for the environment and also saves money for the company. Ford uses fluids blended from vegetable fossil crude during engine production rather than using mineral oil. The associated waste in engine building is the most environmentally damaging part of the process. Ford also has improved its efficiency by enforcing strict energy intensive operations, such as the generation of matt air for handheld tools on the production line.Ch anges in cost and efficiency also drive change in the automobile industry. In the away few historic period material costs, labor costs, employee benefit costs and oil prices thrust all been increasing. One way that Ford is combating high oil prices is its use of a soy-derived foam. The average vehicle made today contains 30 pounds of foam made from petroleum products. Ford is making an effort to flip 40% of the petroleum-based foam with a soy-based foam. To fight against decreasing entanglement, acclivity labor costs and employee benefit costs Ford has been implementing elements of its Way Forward Plan. This political platform was developed in 2006. The plan calls for reducing the number of Fords sum the Statesn manufacturing employees by 25,000-30,000 and also plans to idle 16 North American manufacturing facilities (For a More sustainable Future 34.)Also in 2006 health care expenses for U.S. Ford employees, retirees and their dependents were $3.1 billion (For a More Susta inable Future 35.) Even though Ford values its past and drive home employees, the company cannot keep up with the rising prices of health care. In 2006 Ford had required retired employees to support a higher portion of their health care benefits, and active employees were asked to increase their health care contributions. Also in 2006 Ford employees were offered to leave the company. To make it appealing to employees Ford offered eight different inducing packages. A couple of these packages included early retirement and an educational fortune package where employees with at least one year of service were entitled for up to $15,000 in tuition reimbursement per year up to four years (For a More Sustainable Future 34.)Another driving force that alters the competitiveness in the automobile industry is regulatory influences and government policy changes. One example of a regulatory influence would be the governments integrated Average Fuel Economy (CAF) requirement, which measur es carbon dioxide emissions. Ford has met the requirement e rattling year since the course of instruction was prime(prenominal) introduced.Altering societal concerns, attitude, and lifestyles are major instigators of industry change. Growing consumer concerns towards environmental safety is a major device driver of change in the automobile industry. Ford recognizes that manufacturing and operating automobiles nourish a significant impact on the environment. Ford has several(prenominal) beginning(a)s to protect the environment.The beginning initiative includes developing advanced environmentally friendly vehicles. Ford was the first U.S. automaker to offer a full hybrid vehicle, which was also the first hybrid from any automaker in the SUV segment. The second initiative for Ford is to meet and exceed bare-assed clean air standards established by the Environmental Protection Agency. Reducing the environmental impact of our environment is Fords third initiative to protect the envi ronment.Ford also aims to reuse and reuse materials by contracting with suppliers to attain environmental friendly parts and components. An example is Fords Fumes-to-Fuel technology. A plants icon operations are its largest source of air emissions. Ford has developed a process that uses paint fumes to generate electricity for its plant.The last initiative for Ford is conserving natural resources by taking part in global environmental programs to conserver energy and water. Fords developed a software product program called WET that creates a facility-wide water balance to quantify several(prenominal) uses of water and identify areas of opportunity. safety is other concern that drives changes in automobile designs. Not only does Ford develop innovative safety technology the company also educates drivers. In 2003 Ford teamed up with the Highway Safety Association and a panel of safety experts to create a program called Driving Skills for Life. This program teaches teenagers develop the skills necessary for safe driving, beyond what they suss out in standard driver education programs (For a More Sustainable Future 30.)Five Force AnalysisIntensity of Rivalry Among CompetitorsThe automobile industry is one of the most competitive industries in the world. The eyeshade competitors globally and domestically account for most of the industrys market appoint. In the United States thither are three top competitors known as the Detroit Three, formerly known as the Big Three. General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and the Chrysler aggroup are the three companies that makeup the Detroit Three. tally to Wards Automotive Reports in 2006 the Detroit Three brands accounted for 41.5% of passenger car sales in the United States of this 41.5% market share, General Motors controlled 20.8%, Ford 14.1% and the Chrysler Group 6.6%. The Detroit Three market share is slowly dwindling due to globalization, which is another reason that leads to stronger rivalry among competitors (Au tos & Auto separate Industry canvas 9.)In the United States, according to Wards Automotive Reports, the top three foreign competitors that are trying to take over the U.S. market include Toyota Motor Corp., Honda Motor Co. Ltd., and the Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. In 2006 Toyota, Honda, and Nissan accounted for 36.6% market share in the U.S. Individually Toyota controlled 18.7%, Honda 10.8% and Nissan 7.1% of the U.S. market share in the truck kinsfolk the Detroit Three brands account for 67% of Truck Sales in the U.S. Toyota, Honda, and Nissan are the foreign companies trying to compete with the Detroit Three (Autos & Auto Parts Industry Survey 9.) Lack of product differentiation is another broker that adds to the intense rivalry between competitors. Automobile manufactures products include cars, trucks and SUVs.Even though there is a lack of product differentiation within the automobile industry there are many things that a manufacturer can do to alter design and production tha t make a product standout from its competitors. The innovation of technology and production causes intense rivalry between competitors because if automakers want to sell make the most advance they need to develop innovative technology that is a step ahead of its competitors and meets the needs of consumers or they need to develop innovative production techniques that are more efficient and cheaper compared to its competitors. Ford is known for its innovation throughout the years one example would be the moving multitude line. This manufacturing technique allowed individual workers to stay stationary and manage the same task repeatedly on multiple vehicles that passed them, this technique allowed Ford to be more efficient by producing many more vehicles than its competitors. panic of New EntrantsAlthough the automobile industry has very strong rivalries among competitors the industry depart not see many new entrants in the succeeding(a). There are several reasons wherefore there is a low flagellum of new entrants in the automobile industry. The automobile industry has reached economies of scale and to be prospered in the industry new entrants must reach economies of scale. Manufacturers must manufacture automobiles so that they are affordable to consumers. Another reason why there are very few new entrants in the automobile industry is the very high capital requirement. Manufacturing costs, research and development costs, start-up costs, and publicizing and forward motion costs are a few costs that require commodious amounts of costs in aim to be successful in the automobile industry.With rising oil prices, increase in employee benefit costs, higher healthcare costs and also rising steel prices the threat of new entrants depart remain to stay very low in the automobile industry. The new situation of the Automobile industry and the U.S economy is another factor that will keep the threat of new entrants low. Rising bollix prices, low consumer assumption and shrinking home values are all factors that are causation decreases in automobile sales. Strong brand preferences and high degrees of customer loyalty is another reason there are few new entrants in the automobile industry. It is hard for a new manufacturer to attract customers that have brand preferences and are loyal customers, unless the manufacturer has a huge advertising and sales promotion budget or offer price discounts, these 2 things decrease profit margin.Threat of Substitute ProductsThe threat of substitute products is very weak in the automobile industry. Automobile transportation for people makes it favourable and fast to get from place to place depending on the length of their trip. Walking, biking, and travel trains, planes or subways are all substitutes to automobiles. These substitutes depend on the location of the person. population that live and work in the city will probably each walk, bike, or take a subway to work in order to avoid traffic or to protect the environment. The threat of these substitutes will eer be low because it is convenient to have a car and new innovations toward environmentally friendly automobiles.Bargaining Power of Suppliers and BuyersIn the automobile industry the bargaining authority of the supplier is weak. There are so many part manufactures in the industry to aim from it is easy for a company to switch from one to another giving supplier no leverage. The automobile part sector is so big that it is divided into four business units original equipment manufacturers, replacement parts manufacturing, replacement parts distribution, and rubber fabricating. concord to a press release by Ford, the company spends around $90 billion on parts from more than 2,500 suppliers. Compare to the bargaining power of suppliers the bargaining power of buyers is a lot higher.Automobile manufacturers make profit from the sales of its automobiles. This means that manufactures have to produce automobiles that meet consumer needs and standout from its competitors. This is why consumers have such a high bargaining power because if they do not like a certain automobile they can choose another automobile from a different manufacturer at a relatively low switching cost. Analyzing the bargaining power of supplier and buyers, identifying the threat of new entrants and substitute products, and also analyzing the intensity of rivalry among competitors will allow a company to assess the competitiveness of a certain industry. dweeb AnalysisFord is the worlds third largest automobile manufacturer, and their brands are sold domestically and internationally, which include Ford, Land Rover, Lincoln, Mazda, Mercury, and Volvo. In 2006 Ford true 30th place in the BusinessWeek-Interbrand ranking of the top 100 global brands in 2006. Another one of Fords biggest strengths is its industry leading innovative technology which is shown through product design, safety and production. Fords large network bas e is a strength to the company. Ford manufactures and distributes automobiles in 200 markets across six continents. Ford is also a very ethical company. For years, Ford has supported families in need. Ford encourages its employees to take two workdays per year to tender at an approved nonprofit organization.Although Ford is very successful it does have weaknesses. One weakness would be the decline in its market share. According to DataMonitor, Fords overall market share in the US has declined from 21.1 % in 2002 to 17.1% in 2006. Competition, globalization, low consumer confidence, and high throttle prices are all factors that contribute to Fords declining market share. Another weakness of Fords is its declining profitability. At the end of 2006 Ford recorded revenues of $160,123,000 jillion which was a 9.5 % decrease from 2005. The operating loss of the company during 2006 was $16,950,000 million compared to a operating loss of $1,550,000 million in 2005. This means Ford had a n et loss of $12,613,000 million in 2006, compared to a net profit of $1,440,000 million in 2005 (Datamonitor 4.)The automobile industry is full of opportunities. High gas prices and environmental issues have caused manufacturers to develop innovative technology. Ford is developing several technologies that are environmentally friendly and fuel-efficient. These vehicles include biofueled vehicles, hydrogen internal-combustion engines and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Global demand is also an opportunity for Ford. Ford has developed strategies to bring its product to emerging markets like India, China and Brazil. The economies of these markets are continue to grow along with its demand for automobiles.A major threat to Ford is its competition, which includes General Motors, the Chrysler group, Toyota, and Honda. Rising costs are also a major threat to Ford. Rising labor and employee benefit costs have oblige Ford to reduce its workforce and to close some of its vehicle assembly pl ants. The U.S. economy is also a threat to Ford. Consumer confidence is down due to rising oil prices and declining home values. The future of Ford and the automobile industry will continue to be worse in the near future if these threats continue.With rising costs and increased competition the U.S automobile industry does not look good. Industry sales are expected to decline in the future due to low consumer confidence, rising interest rates, and high gas prices. SUV and truck sales will decline the most due to the rising gas prices. There will be a higher demand for smaller cars that are fuel-efficient. The Detroit Three along with other U.S. manufacturers will increasingly focus its operations internationally to markets in Eastern-Europe, Latin America and the Asia-Pacific where production costs are cheaper. Environmental friendly technology and manufacturing will also continue to rise because of the growing consumer interest in protecting our world.whole kit and boodle CitedAutos & Auto Parts Industry Survey. Standard & unequals June 2007 2818 April. 2008. For a More Sustainable Future. Ford Motor Company June 2007. 19 April. 2008Ford Motor Company. Datamonitor Business information Center Nov 2007.Campbell University Electronic Library., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008Ford Motor Company. 2008. Ford Motor Company. 18 April 2008Ford.com/>.Gamble, John E., Strickland, A.J. III and Thompson, Arthur A. Jr. Crafting and Executing Strategy. McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007.The North America Automotive Sectors. Mergent Oct 2007. Campbell UniversityElectronic Library., Buies Creek, NC. 18 April. 2008

Philippines Literature Essay

The diversity and richness of Filipino belles-lettres evolved side by side with the countrys history. Long to begin with the Spaniards and other foreigners landed or set foot on Philippine shores, our forefathers already had their own writings stamped in the history of our race. Our ancient literature shows our customs and traditions in everyday life as traced in our folk music stories, old plays and short stories. Our ancestors also had their own alphabet which was diametric from that brought by the Spaniards.> LITERATURE the body of oral and written works, text, books, poetry, etc. these are the some(prenominal) things that concern this subject. we have been exposed to literature ever since we were young. reading, writing, thats what we do. exactly is this really the essence of literature?the time i realized that i was going to take up Philippine Literature this semester, i was alternatively a bit curios about what would be in store for me, for the alone class.our Liter ature instructor Ms. Dinah Laguna-Mission is very enthusiastic in teaching us. neer came a time that i felt sleepy or blase during our lit. subject. she has a lively voice and pronunciation, lively gestures and the witty use of nomenclature were the things i looked forward to every time she came.at first, i stop that the subject content and the teaching method was just a repeat of what has been taught to us during high school. but i was wrong, the different genre of literature, different devices and ever famous figures of speech were the ones being taught to us.after all the incurs and late knowledge imparted to me, i realized that Literature is not only about just reading the stories, poems, riddles, etc. but either its understanding them deeply. i thank Ms. Mission for imparting this knowledge imparted to me and the whole class for making this journey bearable and truly enjoyable one. it was beyond doubt an movement for us and so, even if i finish the subject Philippines Li terature, the things ilearned, the memories and experience will truly mo no matter what. _

New England Soup Company: Business Overview Essay

On January 11, 1991, William Kolander, president of the rising(a) England Soup beau monde of Boston, Massachusetts, was reviewing a query report he had received from a Boston-based interrogation house. The report pre directed the findings of a study on the pixilateds in the buff cooking of Kolanders Chowder brand of canned soup. The study had also been sent to the stiffs sales manager, Kirk George, and the deed manager, Edward Corey. A meeting was schedule for January 12 with the research firm and the naked as a jaybird England Soup connection management. The exercise of the meeting was to discuss the research findings and to make decisions concerning Kolanders intersection point offerings.The CompanyThe New England Soup Company was a small firm that produced and distributed a line of specialty canned soup products to both the institutional and sell grocerys. Approximately 62 percent of their 1990 sales volume went to the institutional securities industry ($68,526), and 38 percent went to the retail grocery ($42,102). The familiarity was founded by William Kolander in 1957. Kolanders father was a successful owner of several(prenominal) restaurants in the Boston area that were famous for their chowder. The young Kolander convinced his father in 1956 that there was a commercialise to sell the chowder to local institutions (restaurants, hospitals, etc.) in the New England area, and he developed a canned chowder under his fathers supervision. Production facilities were acquired in the same year. after(prenominal) losses in the set-back few years, the business turned profitable in 1960. At this time, Kolander opinionated to enter the retail market with Kolanders Chowder brand. Both the institutional and retail business grew rapidly during the 1960s, as did the firms profitability. Expanded production facilities were built in 1968, and two additional specialty soup lines were introduced in 1970. These lines experienced limited success at retail but were sensibly profitable in the institutional market.Current SituationThe last phoebe bird years had been a period of level and then declining sales for Kolanders Chowder (1987 -6943 cases, 1988 5676 cases, 1989 5101 cases, and 19901 4900 cases). Kolander attributed this decline in sales to the market entry of two new canned chowders in 1986 and 1987 (see supplement A). The new competitors were Fishermans rape Chowder and mantelpiece Cod Chowder. Both brands were produced locally and appeared very similar in conceptualisation to Kolanders Chowder. Both of the new competitors had entered the market with a evenhandedly lower selling price than the Kolanders brand. Distributors were also attracted by the sparingly higher margins plus the desire to carry a competitive substitute(a) to Kolanders Chowder. Several large retailers had advertised the Fishermans enjoy brand as a weekly special at 43 cents per can.Management ObjectiveKolander recognized that the firm face d a weighty competitive threat from the two new brand entries. While there were several long-term issues he was considering, his immediate concern was one of ontogenesis a competitive strategy to counter the sales decline of Kolanders Chowder. Specifically, he wanted to recover the lost distribution of the brand and swap customers from competitive brands back to the Kolanders brand. This was to be accomplished within the attached 12 months. While increased distribution outside the reliable market area was a possibility, Kolanders immediate objective was to improve the market location of Kolanders Chowder at retail within the New England are.Estimated from 1989 company records.The Research ProjectIn October 1989, Kolander contacted a local research firm. after a number of meetings, the research firm recommended that a series of gathering interviews be conducted with modern users of the two competitive chowder brands in rewrite to research reasons for the product usage, reac tions to the brands, and perceived product exits. Through chemical group sessions of this nature, the research firm believed that the cause of declining sales of Kolanders Chowder could be established and dominance solutions identified. The results of the group sessions suggested that an important proportion of the competitive canned chowder users favored a chowder that was thicker and creamier than the current Kolanders Chowder brand formulation. Of the former Kowlanders Chowder users, the desire for a creamier formulation was the predominant reason for switching. Many of these chowder users had switched to either Fishermans make whoopie or Cape Cod Chowder.Based on these findings, the research firm recommended that further research be conducted to evaluate changing Kolanders Chowder to a creamier formulation. For purposes of the interrogation, it was recommended that two creamier formulations be developed, a chromatic version and an extra chromatic version. These two n ew formulations would be evaluated in a taste interrogatory along with Kolanders current chowder plus the two competitive brands.After several meetings on specific aspects of the proposed research design, Kolander decided to approve the project. Appendix B presents the results of this study.Case QuestionFocusing on the retail market, what product line does the research suggest Kolander should produce? Guidelines for 3-Slide SubmissionSlide 1 Analyze the data in Table 1 and make a product line recommendation Slide 2 Evaluate the commission group and the taste test and judge the quality of data from each(prenominal) Slide 3 What would you have done differently if you had guided the research process for this problem?APPENDIX A New England Soup Company, audited account of Retail Food Outlets (Tables from the Report) Fifty retail food outlets in the New England market area have been audited annually since 1975. These are deemed representative of the potential distribution outlets of canned soups for the New England Soup Company.APPENDIX B rating of Two New Formulations of Kolanders Canned Chowder Research ObjectivesTo evaluate the discernment for two new chowder formulations among users of Kolanders Chowder, Cape Cod Chowder, and Fishermans Delight Chowder.Research Design and ProcedureTwo hundred manlike (n=100) and female (n=100) canned chowder users were selected from four geographic locations representative of the New England market area. The subjects were selected using a probability sampling procedure involving a telephone-administered measure up questionnaire. Each subject was paid $5 for participating in the test.The subjects came to one of four test locations (local churches). They were tested individually in 30-minute sessions. Subjects were brought into the testing get on and seated at stalls. An instruction sheet explained that the subject was to evaluate several samples of chowder, that the test would consist of trine parts, and that they would be required to taste a total of 15 cups of chowder. Normal taste-testing procedures were followed.The first part involved gustation phoebe bird samples of chowder and associationing them from most preferred to least preferred. The five chowders were Kolanders regular chowder, Fishermans Delight, Kolanders creamy (version 1), Cape Cod, and Kolanders extra creamy (version 2). The second and third parts of the test involved tasting five samples again. The samples had different code letters and the subjects were not told the samples were identical to the previous five. After tasting the five samples, the subjects were again asked to rank order the five samples. For each subject, the test procedure resulted in three taste sensation orderings of the five chowder samples. The preference orderings were combined to form a building complex ordering for each subject, a procedure that resulted in a more(prenominal) reliable measure of each subjects true preference ordering.ResultsThe data set consisted of 200 preference orderings of the five chowders. Table 1 presents 20 preference orderings which are representative of the entire data set. The difference between male and female preference orderings was not statistically meaningful.The data set was analyzed by calculating the average rank order of each chowder and scaling the chowders on a five-point scale ranging from most preferred (1) to least preferred (5). Table 2 presents the results of this analysis.passport and DiscussionRecommendation Change the current Kolanders Chowder formulation to the version 1creamy formulation and develop a new label which makes this change palpable at point of purchase. The table 2 results clearly indicate that the current Kolanders Chowder formulation and the extra creamy formulation ranked significantly (.05 level of significance) lower than the two competitors brands and the creamy formulation. These findings suggest that the market position of Kolanders Chowder can b e improved by a formulation change to the creamy version, which ranks higher than the two competitors and should recapture a significant share of sales lost to the Cape Cod and Fishermans Delight brands.

Operations Management Exam 1 Review Notes

Basic data for Exam 1 Types of questions you can expect * Ones similar to assigned parole questions, homework * How topics in assigned articles relate to key concepts below shield questions similar to these ar fair game. * You will have the formula bed sheet handed come out of the closet during forecasting section. The most important things to agnize from segmentation 1 of this class 1) Chapter 1 a) How to measure performance of a work financial measures, external measures, internal measures and why you would choose mavin everywhere another. ) 4 product attri butes and their corresponding subprogram attributes i) This is something to memorize. c) Job shops vs full point shops attributes of apiece and which products is severally suited for? d) Will not cover product-process matrix. 2) Chapter 2 e) How process competencies support a firms strategic position. ii) Market-driven strategies (identify market ineluctably and develop processes to support them) vs. rocess-drive n strategies (Amazon hosting websites, cloud computing for other companies, G& angstrom unitH with financial aid call center branching out to other services) iii) Operational effectiveness vs. operational efficiency low appeal of operations does not necessarily support the business strategy iv) concentrate strategies allow for competitive advantage (1) Plant-within-a-plant why would companies do this and what demands this succeed or fail? ) Question about hypothetical company or companies weve canvas in book, articles, class discussionwhat are their business strategies/product competencies and how do their process competencies support them? g) Competitive product space 2-D graph whitethorn ask you to interpret unmatched but not to draw one v) Idea of operations frontier, that it represents the highest level of operational effectiveness (2) Effect of technology and improved management practices on the operations frontier. h) Order-qualifiers vs. rder winners (in slides, G&H discussion) i) Will not be tested on section 2. 7 j) Last 3 slides not covered Disney and McDonalds 3) Forecasting k) Anything covered in book is fair game Expect questions very similar to those in class, on HW. l) General categories subjective, time-series, associative/causal m) What are key features of each forecasting method, why would you choose one over another? n) Trends, seasonality know what these are, which methods account for these, and how they do it. ) Forecasting error and bias why are these important to measure, what they mean, what are differences between methods for assessing them (MAD vs. MSE, for example) p) Use of control charts how to make one and what are they used for. 4) Chapter 3 q) Takt time not covered but everything else is fair game. 5) Chapter 4 Flowcharting and network design r) Interpret or make a simple flow chart s) Using a flow chart to start to improve operations (esp. in conjunction with sonny boy 3 and Littles Law)

Louisiana & The United States Essay

atomic number 57 is bingle of the United States of America states whose peachy is located at Baton Rouge. The state is characterized by a abundant unmatched multilingual and multicultural heritage. It is home for much pagan roots. The lah creoles community and the cut public speaking Cajuns be dominant in the southern atomic number 57 state and deport distinct cultures. Blending of these cultures has bequeathed to Creole modus vivendi immerging that has become deep rooted cultural, social, economical life-style of the lah until the twentieth century when it was all overtaken by the Anglo Americans.Creole ancestors sett direct in Louisiana in the beginning 1803 when it was purchased from the Western Europe, and Senegal, they then settled in the State along the main water ways. Continuous blending of these disparate of France, Senegal and Germany led to emergence of the creed and this become a dominant social cultural and economic modus vivendi till the 20th centu ry (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fonte non, Claude Oubre pp68-81). Acadians atomic number 18 the ancestors of Cajuns the Acadians are cut speaking population of Nova Scotia Canada and New Brunswick.After the Britain won the Indian and french war, the withdraw families and the Acadians were settled in dwells in England colonies for 10-30 years and those who escaped settled french Canada, upon being freed they scattered in Canada Mexico, France with majority seeking refugees in south Louisiana. Cajun were considered as a lower class national as their pattern representation exclusively it was in 1970 when they disclosed their natural resources of gas and crude oil when their culture harmony, food and lifestyle was internationally recognized in .Creole is a term borrowed from Portuguese and Spanish by the French government. It means the native products and the colonys people, whereas the meaning of Cajun is to subject to debate melodic line apathetic. The origin of Acadia is ei ther Greek or India which means a camp set up in a good place. The Creole was an materialization of colonial ghost in both the Spanish and French Regimes. The Creole then formed its own identity and they were normally referred to as the French creed.Colonial French was a language spoken by French Creole who were of white origin a loanblend of French- West African language is usually spoken by the portentous creeds. Its the hybrid language that is intimatelyly spoken by the people of central Louisiana currently whereas the creed French is extent. The whites that are as a result of French Spanish mixture were called French creed and the mixed up mulatto population was called creeds of excuse, African creed or black creed (Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre pp 40-81).The Cajun put up to date retained their unique dialect from the French language and potpourri of an another(prenominal)(prenominal) cultural characteristics that usually distinguish them from other ethni c group unlike what its popularly believed by the Cajun communities, Cajuns did not solely descend from the Acadian expatriate but similarly descended from other numerous groups after intermarriage over several generations the intermarriages with the Germans, Spanish, Native Americans, French creed and the Metis.The French creeds who were settled in the rural areas were absorbed by the Cajun have a very saturated French dialect despite the influences from the Acadians. Unlike the French creoles, the Cajuns ancestors are not French origin but of Hispanic, German, Canary Islanders and Filipino settlers as a result of intermarriages The geographical location of the Cajun has a strong relation to the lifestyle of the Cajun people. Those who settle at Atchafalaya Basin, a long the Westlands and Bayous adapted a water based lifestyle.This water based lifestyle included their economic life of trapping, hunting and fishing, the Cajuns who settled southwest Louisiana prairies adapted a l and-based lifestyle, that included farming sugar cane and rice, cattle rearing among other agricultural practices. Many creoles and Cajuns migrated and settled part Arthur and Beaumont seeking oil link up jobs since oil drilling become a major economic legal action in the 19970 1980. The Cajun music originated from French speaking people that were Catholics of Canada.Fiddle was the most dominant instrument in the earlier years but with time, the Acadian has also become popular, Jazz is a popular music of the Blade Creole that has been popularized in the 20th century. Both the Cajuns and the Creole sing the zydeco music, but ab initio it was only sang in the Cajun French, but the blade creoles added some linguistic elements to the zydeco music. Nowadays, the zydeco music is sung in Cajun French or English and a few done in black Creole.The zydeco is closely related to American blues, Cajun music jazz and the swamp music and the most common zydeco music instrument is the frottoir just like the Catholic Church but present they have joined other religious sects. The culture of these two ethnic groups was deep rooted in their community catholic and cuisine, they observed many catholic practices like the lent, holy week and the merdi gras (fat Tuesday). The Creole identity has been snub since late 1960 by both the non creoles and creoles themselves after the emergence of the Cajun pride and the Louisiana French development council conception.Since then you can travel to New Orleans, the accredited birth place of creoles languages and identity of the west of Mississippi river where creoles families reside and light upon them referring themselves as Cajuns. Cajuns movements have divided Louisiana into Cajun French Creole and black Creole, but its however noted that Cajun initially referred to a separate subset of the Louisiana francophone. The colonial French and the Louisiana French are no longer fluently spoken by most creoles and this had catalyzed the negle cting of the Creole people. The creoles point is a race versus culture but not recognized nowadays.The creoles of Louisiana are recognized people having the following mixes, Spanish, French, Africans and American ancestry and Creole is accepted as a big culture group that get by Spanish and French ancestry (Ira Berlin PP 290-325). The cuisine is a unique cookery style that originated from new Orleans and adapted by both the creoles and the Cajun but its greatly influenced by the Americans, French Caribbean and the African Gumbo is traditionally a Creole dish which is of the features of the cuisine, other features of the cuisine include the jambalaya all these dishes are commonly prepared by both the creoles and the Cajuns.Despite efforts to have one national language in Louisiana, the francophone Louisianans have pressured the need to maintain their language. This led to the Cajun movement that pioneered the establishment of the council for development for the French in Louisiana . This council initially was advocating for the drill of standard French in Louisiana but the pressure and protests by the Creole community and the Cajun community has forced the adoption of all varieties of French that includes the creoles and the Cajuns in Louisiana.This has had good fruits since it seen as a way of incorporating Francophone Louisiana with the other francophone world. Although the Cajuns were discriminated in the earlier times, the French Revival Movement has convinced the Cajuns to be proud of them selves, further more, the Cajun French is being taught in the public schools. due(p) to social factors that have led to the creoles French loosing their identity, the Cajun French has become more politically powerful than the Creole French currently. The Cajun French are bonnie more dominant as the Creole French become nonextant. presently its only the black Creole who identifies themselves as the Creole people and there are very few Creole speaking people below th e age of six years. As the Louisiana Creole are languishing, three movements, the Un Cajun Committee, the southern heritage supporting creoles and the C. R. E. O. L. E INC. these movement have accused the French movement with the intention of making the Creole extinct and there the few Creole have identified themselves with a unique culture meant to be preserved.Initially its the French Cajuns who were marginalized but immediately its the opposite as its the French Creole who are faced with the problem of racial and linguistic marginalization. REFERENCES Ira Berlin (2000) Many Thousands Gone, Harvard University Press, Harvard Carl Brasseaux, Keith Fontenot, Claude Oubre (1996) Creoles of color in the Bayou Country, University of Mississippi press, Mississippi Shane K. Bernard (2003) the Cajuns, University of Mississippi press, Mississippi

Balance Scorecard Essay

A Balanced Scorecard is a example that focuses on shareholder, customer, inborn and skill requirements of a business in order to create a administration of linked objectives, measures, targets and initiatives which collectively describe the dodging of an organization and how that strategy lavatory be achieved. The Balanced scorecard retains the traditional financial measures and complements them with measures that are drivers of incoming performance.The objectives and measures of the scorecard are derived from an organizations vision and strategy and these view organizational performance. The fit scorecard is a management system (not only a mensuration system) that enables organizations to clarify their vision and strategy and translate them into action. It provides feedback around both the internal business processes and external outcomes in order to continuously improve strategic performance and results.When fully deployed, the balanced scorecard transforms strategic plan ning from an academic exercise into the nerve center of an enterprise. The balanced scorecard is a cocksucker developed by Kaplan and Norton to articulate, execute and monitor strategy using a mix of financial and non-financial measures. It is designed to translate vision and strategy into objectives and measures across four balanced perspectives financial, customers, internal business processes and learning and growth. It focuses on entirely the activities that generate financial results rather than the financial side alone.The scorecard depicts strategy as a series of cause-and-effect relationships between critical variables and gives a framework for ensuring that strategy is translated into a coherent set of performance measures. The use of a hierarchy of scorecards cascading through the organisation ensures that strategy and performance measurement is intimately aligned. The Balanced Scorecard privy act as both a control system and a management tool. In other words, it can be used for monitoring performance as well as for strategic planning. Its versatility may be one of the reasons why so many companies have chosen to adopt it.

Communication in Nursing Essay

To try to another psyche is the most caring act of all. audition and attending ar by far the most definitive nervus facialis expression of world a nurse (Burnard 1992). One of the basics of good nursing is good chat skills with affected roles. Being un sufficient to communicate salubrious with a patient immediately arsehole destroy the nurse/patient affinity and therefore the patient may not bank the nurse (Anon 2007). The use of this search is the realise the importance of confabulation in nursing. With step to the fore communion nurses would be unable to provide the correct care, provided improving communication is a life-long developmental process (Ewles and Simnett 2005). I will draw on my person-to-person experience from the clinical area to show how easily the theory relates to the serviceable post of nursing and use the process recording sheet for social organization and guidance. In accordance with The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Cond uct, nurses must appreciate sights right to confidentiality.Therefore for the purpose of this essay the patient discussed is referred to as except C., and any personal or identifiable study has also been altered so as to protect her privacy and self-regard which are also enshrined in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct.. I asked scat C. for explicit permission to use our interpersonal kind in my communications essay and advised her of my obligations on my professional conduct to which I am bound by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008), regarding professional, moral and safe(p) practice. Miss C., was in agreement to be involved with my assignment and on no account was her physical care at risk during this interaction. I was nearing the end of my placement in a general medical protect within a large general hospital.The ward had a build of medical complaints including diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, stroke and alcohol liver disease. A preadoles cent 21 year old female was admitted to the ward, now known as Miss C., with an increased weight loss and she was in motif of distressingness management. Miss C., was awaiting heart surgery, replacement hips and replacement knees at major working(a) hospital in another area of the country. Her health status was scurvy as she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, and had a congenital heart defect. Miss Cs., hassle was managed with oramorph, ketamine and fentanyl patches, but these proved to brook little relief. Miss C., spent the majority of magazine in bed due to her backbreaking pain, and due to this she cried out a lot. Her head was bowed and she had seriousy in making middle contact. She talked slowly and quietly and approximatelytimes mumbled, she was also a very sad person.I thought that communication would be difficult with Miss C., as she was mostly in pain but I also believed that she would like whatsoeverone to talk to but that person would wishing to be a good listener. It is chief(prenominal) to remember that nurses incur the certificate of indebtedness to provide care holistically, for the whole person, not just for their physical needfully but their mental and social necessitate too (Kenworthy et al. 2002). Miss C., desire to be washed in her bed every morning as movement for her was difficult. The bay that she was in was busy with little privacy whole the curtains for seclusion. I went into wash her one morning and because of her psoriasis she needed special(a) creams apply religiously. She spoke quietly or so her indisposition and explained her difficulties to me. Talking closely her family, her distemper and when she was younger made her sad and she was crying. I felt that Miss Cs ability to communicate was linked to how she felt about herself. She was over-critical about herself and underestimated her abilities.This lack of self-confidence reflected her ability to communicate (Ewles and Simnett 2005). She was in so more than pain, her head was bowed and she could not make eye contact. I was atilt in close to her bedside, touch was not good, her frame was too sore. I tried to show empathy towards Miss C., by giving her time to talk, being patient and listening to her. Was she crying because she was in so much pain or was it because she was recalling happy memories from before she fell ill? I was urgently trying to understand how she may be feeling. fit in to Arnold and Boggs (2003), empathy is the ability to be sensitive to and communicate understanding of the patients feelings. Being grieve is similar to being empathetic in a look that it is important to recognise that Miss Cs feelings belong to her and not to me. I was interested in Miss Cs illness, to learn more about her condition and hear about her difficulties. She was very independent and precious to do as much as she could by herself. Help was minimum and she only asked when she was struggling to re-position her feet . I used combat-ready listening to spare to her speak without interrupting but I paid close attention to her facial expressions and body language. Argyle (see Kenworthy et al. 2002) suggests facial expressions provide a running comment on emotional states. I asked Miss C. open questions about her illness as I thought this would allow me to encourage her to talk.It also allowed Miss C to describe her experiences, feelings and understandings. Open ended questions are used to prolong the client s thoughts and perspectives without influencing the direction of an acceptable response (Arnold and Boggs 2003 p.241). I cute to try and take her mind off her pain as it was disconcerting to see her being so unhappy, so I commented on some magazines that were lying on her table and asked her about her taste in music. This was a good subject, her eyes lit up and she smiled. We finally made eye contact. exploitation the semiotic school of thought, Miss C and myself were exchanging verbal a nd non-verbal communication in order to understand each others feelings. According to Kozier (2008) non-verbal communication can include the use of silence, facial expressions, touch and body posture. Miss C was keen to talk about her taste in music and became very chatty, in concomitant, she became sort of excited. I put some cds on for her to listen to and as I did this she asked me questions about my taste in music. There was now no obstructions to our communication as we both shared the same taste in music. When the music was acting Miss C was in a different world, she was more relaxed. I took her hand and held it gently, her eyes were closed, she was smiling and she appeared more content. By holding her hand, I felt as though I was comforting and reassuring her.This was an characteristic that I really did care and that I wanted to help her. Using touch skilfully and thoughtfully can convey that you are able to be with your patient (Benner 2001 p.57). Communication can be th erapeutic and the music playing was not a barrier in communications, it was in fact beneficial. Therefore, it is argued that effective communication is more than delivering high quality patient-centred care but it also allows patients to feel involved in their care, which can make a significant difference to their outlook on their treatment (Collins 2009). Reflecting back I realised that I was really quite worried about the communication difficulties I was facing during my interaction. Miss C., was a very strong willed person who knew exactly what she needed and yet she desperately wanted to be as independent as possible. I wanted her to allow me in and for her to be comfortable with me.I am glad I eventually gained her trust and we both became more relaxed. In fact, the impact that this interaction had on our relationship was that as the days went on we became very good friends and she was very special to me. Sully and Dallas (2005), suggests that to have an empathetic understa nding of our patients needs we must recognise their need for comfort and we respond to this compassionately. It was important to be non-judgemental, I accepted Miss C., for who she was no matter what her hatful were and my main(prenominal) concern was to care for her in a professional and beneficial way and in a manner that she preferred. Putting the interaction into perspective, I before found Miss C very demanding, always calling out and constantly pressing the call buzzer. Some staff were very indisposed(p) to go to her because her personal care was very time consuming. It was time consuming but it was because she was in a lot of pain. Surely this was a barrier to communication as some staff did not take the time to listen to what Miss C required and as health promoters, we need to develop skills of effective listening so that we can help people to talk and express their needs and feelings (Ewles and Simnett 2005). From recording and analysing my interactions I have conditio ned to accept people for who they are as each of us have had different experiences throughout life and these experiences make us who we are.It was also important to acknowledge Miss Cs loony toons of view, her emotions and thoughts without judgement as being aware of these helped to appreciate her perspective and needs (Silverman et al. 2005). I have also learned to be a good listener and an active listener. Ewles and Simnett (2005) suggest that this means taking note of the non-verbal communication as well as the spoken words. It is important to maintain eye contact, observe the body language, listen properly and pick up on non-verbal signs as well as verbal signs. The environment is important too, along with being sensitive, straightforward and compassionate (Anon 2007). Collins (2007) argues that judgemental attitudes can stand in the way of getting to know your patient and that labels attached to individuals such as demented can act as a language barrier. Effective nursing re quires us to be assertive, responsible and to help our patients achieve the best possible health status (Balzer Riley 2008). In conclusion, the key points that have been discussed in this essay are that of the importance of communicating in nursing and how nurses can improve their communication skills and maintain their effectiveness. We must provide holistic care for our patients and the goal is to listen to the whole person and provide them with empathetic understanding. Another key point is that we must be non judgemental no matter what the patients circumstances are.Overall communication during this interaction was positive, therapeutic and helped to build a relationship. This essay has shown how personal experience from the clinical area relates the theory to the practical side of nursing and how it is imperative that communication is clear, understandable, appropriate and effective. 1819 wordsRead more http//www.ukessays.com/essays/nursing/communication-in-nursing-nursing-essa y.phpixzz2fJpdOIza

Everything for Sale

Everything for Sale by Robert Kuttner A Summary Insert full name here Insert institutional information here Everything for Sale by Robert Kuttner A Summary In his book, Robert Kuttner (1999) tries to shake the dominant orthodoxy of laissez-faire economics, which he sees as the natural form of capitalism, by attempting to reclaim a invulnerable middle ground amid when the securities industryplace is best left unaccompanied and when it needs help (p. 5). Kuttners chief premise is that a merge economy is necessary for a cab bet that is civil and decent, a society where the economy is in optimum health.For Kuttner, unfettered laissez-faire economy is in conflict with meld economy, and that their opposition is essentially a struggle among the moderate but rational dissent the call for a mixed economy and the preponderant orthodoxy, or the desire to retain the economic side quo. He further maintains that a mixed economy is realistic on the dot because in that location is vi rtually no escape from politics, specially in the economic landscape where the judicature can influence its course by adopting authorized national economic policies.Kuttner readily accepts some notable contributions of the market system. For instance, he concedes that markets accomplish much superbly, and that they offer consumers ample choices (Kuttner, 1999, p. 11). Paraphrasing Adam Smith, Kuttner (1999) states that the great riddle of the market is that the individual pursuit of self-interest aggregates to an efficient general well behaved (p. 11). He reaffirms the long-held belief that markets, when left alone, can lead to a vibrant economy.Yet, Kuttner eventually notes that the free market capitalist system is not just a rigid structure that has an aversion to changes. He believes that, for economies to operate efficiently, forceful change or abrupt disjuncture is the exception rather than the feel (Kuttner, 1999, p. 12). Thus, markets may accommodate new prices, wheth er higher or lower than the prevailing prices. Old businesses may go insolvent, and new businesses offering the same goods or services may take their stead.Through the introduction of changes, the market is able to coiffe itself. In his book, however, Kuttner proposes something else. Kuttner seeks to dispel the complement notions that political relation interventions in the market ar never successful and that markets are self-correcting and can thus work on their own. To reclaim the so-called middle ground, Kuttner offers detailed examples of how previous government interventions in the market did in occurrence work. He also writes about the shortcomings of the market for healthcare, the labor market, and the financial markets.By providing those examples, he then reduces the theoretical clout of contemporary laissez-faire economics, which he then deploys to draw attention to his position in favor of mixed economy. Kuttner further combines these examples with the premise that the re are many another(prenominal) kinds of economic and social goods that the market simply cannot provide without failing in one significant way or another. For instance, transportation and communication infrastructures are often financed by the government in association with other backstage and political entities.Though the funds are not entirely from the government, it cannot be doubted that the government has its share and that it is through its political efforts that the infrastructure projects are realized. Thus, for Kuttner, without the participation of the government in the economy, no matter how limited, the country will hardly be having the social and economic goods it now enjoys today. Clearly, markets are not perfectly self-correcting for Kuttner (1999) and, as a necessary consequence, the only check on their excesses must be extra-market institutions (p. 62), which is short of saying that the check is the government itself. Kuttner lists several areas upon which excesse s have been committed. For instance, he states that even the seemingly innocent frequent-flyer plan is guilty of frustrating obtain around for travel services by other airline companies since this program is designed to entice people to stick with a favored holder in order to earn mileage credits (p. 261). To curb this, Kuttner (1999) states that there must be a regulated airline competition where regulators could posture a zone of tolerable prices, to reflect actual costs much nearly (p. 68). Another example is the fount of the electric power market where the subsequent technological innovations in the first three decades of the mass handiness of electricity led to the situation where real prices rose dramatically between 1930 and 1933, except that the introduction of public power and federal regulation in the mid-1930s brought back the virtuous pattern of declining prices, technical advances, and increasing usage (Kuttner, 1999, p. 272).Even the purlieu is not spared from the failure of a free market. Kuttner observes that the laissez-faire system has back up more spewing of pollutants, the manufacture of dangerous products, and others. Through regulatory measures out of broad public-policy goals, Kuttner believes that markets will have no choice but to cut experience their waste discharges. The discussion cites other examples in order to illustrate the fact that the free market oftentimes finds help from the federal government.Kuttner (1999) concludes his book with a restatement of how nations have now experienced more than two decades of the celebration of markets and calumny of government (p. 361). Instead of continuing such prevailing notion, he reasserts that the case for the market is much more of a mixed case than its champions insist, especially since markets have generate increasingly impulsive in breaching what used to be the province of rights.For Kuttner, the more these markets try to penetrate the province of inalienable rights in th eir relentless pursuit of profit, the more constraints from the government are needed. Otherwise, the whole derriere upon which the free market capitalist system stands will likewise become endangered. Reference Kuttner, R. (1999). Everything for sale The virtues and limits of markets. Chicago, IL University of Chicago Press.

Film Appreciation †Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter (2012) Essay

1. Presumed and inferred event.SynopsisAbraham capital of Nebraska who is the 16th chairman of the United States of America, happens to stumble upon the plans of the vampire clan who wanted to overthrow and conduce over the country in order for the clan to grow. The flooring evolves roughly Abraham who wishes to stop the plan to be taken to action. 2. Explicity and presented event.This pictorial matter starts with the main character, Abraham Lincoln, composition his diary ab proscribed his manners and trip. It past slowly moves into the twinklingbacks of his life, all the focusing back to when he was a kid in the year of 1818. Having the movie started in such a track helps the audiences to have an in understanding sensation on the score, and it alike stimulates the minds of the audiences in believing the story. The rest of the story can be found in the later part, in the shargon of the story business enterprise.3. Added non diegetic materials.This movie uses a total o f 22 soundtracks that were composed by heat content diddlyshitman, and the first metrical composition in the ending or the closing address played was by Linkin Park, entitled Powerless, as according to Wikipedia (2012). However, based on the IMDB (2012), there were a nonher 6 songs that were not included into the list of soundtrack, of which were as well as manpowertioned that the songs listed in their database are sometimes, not to be found on the CD soundtracks. The Student Waltz was one of the songs that were in the movie, whereby Abraham Lincoln was dancing with bloody shame Todd. In that particular scene, both Abraham and bloody shame were overlap their thoughts together, and finding themselves more than alike than they ever knew, and the song played at the background helps to make pop out a romantic atmosphere around the both of them.The opposite song that caught the attention is also the first closing credit song, Powerless by Linkin Park. In that scene, it shows a white brownish backdrop with drops of blood, forming lines in which at the end is seen to be drawing out the map of the United States of America, where the lines are the separation of the states that were in USA. The song Powerless, as the title says it all, gives us the spirit of cosmos powerless in seeing how a state of matter being broken into different parts of states instead of being united as one.Characters Abraham Lincoln The main character, who stood up against the vampires and also the President of the United States. henry Sturgess Abrahams mentor, who taught him how to be strong to fight the vampires. William Johnson Abrahams friend from the gone whom he tried to treasure when he was a kid, trying to comfort Will who was being ab employ due to sla genuinely.Mary Todd Lincoln Abrahams wife. spell The villain, vampire leader. laborer baronets One of the vampires, the bolt downer of Abrahams mother. Joshua whet Abrahams employer, who hired Abraham to work in his store, and gave him a place to stay, who in the end became Abrahams assistant in the White House.Thomas Lincoln Abrahams father.Nancy Lincoln Abrahams mother.Vadoma ecstasys sister.William Wallace Lincoln Son of Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln.Storyline.The story begins with Abraham, writing his diary while remembering the things that has happened in the past. It started to flash back into the year of 1818, where he was living with his parents, Thomas and Nancy Lincoln, who were workers in a plantation owned by a guy named damn Barts. Abraham who was at the plantation with his parents, witnessed his friend, William Johnson and her mother, who were dragged out and was tortured by one of scallywag Barts men. Unable to suppress himself, Abraham took an axe and went on to try and fight the man who was crush up William, alone ending up to be perplexd, overthrown and beaten by that man. Upon seeing this, Thomas stood up and tried to protect his son, stopped that man from h is continuous beating on his son and William, and end up pushing him into the river. mariner Barts came out of his office and found out what happened, and had Thomas and his family fired. That night, as Abraham was still awake at the attic, looking voltaic pile at his mother who was sleeping soundly, he realised a embodiment coming into the room, and he hid himself.He later axiom that the figure was no other than Jack Barts himself, and he saw Jack bit Nancy and left(a). The conterminous morning, Nancy was very ill, and died moments later, with Abraham alongside her on her bed. Thomas make Abraham promise that he will not seek Jack for revenge, for as long as he is a wait, knowing that the repulsive Abraham will make a swooning move such as that. Nine years later, Thomas died and Abraham knew that he is no longer bound by the promise he do to his father, attempts to seek revenge on Jack for killing his mother. As he was drinking in a bar, trying to get some endurance into h imself conciselyer he proceeds to kill Jack, he met with atomic number 1 Sturgess. total heat spoke to him, saying that a young man drinks alone for both reasons, that is to kiss a girl, or to kill a man. As he shags Abraham on his shoulder, a crap-shooter deteriorate off from Abrahams jacket, and henry knew right away that the answer was the latter. Abraham then picks up his gun and left the bar, heading to Jacks plantation, with his sole purpose of killing him.As he was hiding himself while waiting for his chance, he saw ex and Vadoma for the first time, but he knew nothing most them, neither was he concerned active who they were and why were they there with Jack Barts. Abraham made his moves and caught Jack by surprise, only to fail in his first attempt as his gun couldnt fire. He ran from Jack and hid himself in a field hut while trying to reload his gun and trying to stop Jack from coming into the hut. The moment Jack pushed the door open, Abraham fired his gun and the smoke hit Jack on his right eye. Thinking that Jack is dead, Abraham threw his gun into the river and walked away from the scene. However, as he turns his head to look at Jacks luggage compartment for the last time, he realised that Jack is lacking(p) and is nowhere to be found. All of a sudden, Jack appeared right in front of Abraham, catching him off guard, and tried to kill him. Abraham, who was still in shock and confused, could not react in time but to be thrown and beaten by Jack.Knowing that he shot Jack and killed him, but for some apparent reason, Jack is still alive and beating him up badly. Just as Jack is about to kill Abraham, atomic number 1 came to stop Jack and threw him out of the scene. atomic number 1 then took Abraham home and tended to Abrahams wounds in his house. As Abraham wakes up from his rest, he was told that Jack, whom he tried to kill, is really a vampire. Thinking that vampires are just myths and legends, Abraham could not believe what he he ard from henry, but only to be convinced by Henry after finding out that Henry is a hunter. He then begs Henry to teach him how to hunt and kill a vampire, since Jack is a vampire and he is seeking any possible ways to kill him for revenge. Knowing Abraham is full of vengeance spirit, Henry told Abraham that he will only teach him if he promises to forget his revenge, live a solitary life with no attachments, and also to hunt vampires only as instructed by Henry himself. Wanting to learn the ways to hunt and kill a vampire, Abraham be to Henry, giving him an answer that he wishes to hear.Upon completing his tutoring with Henry, Abraham left and went to capital of Illinois and met with Joshua Speed as he was looking for a place to stay. Be vex he had no money left, Joshua offered him a place to stay in harvest for his service as the store clerk. From then on, Abraham worked with Joshua, until the day she met with Mary Todd, and fell in love with her that very instant. At the same time, he have a letter from Henry, mentioning his first ever vampire hunt pickle and the name of the vampire. As night approaches, Abraham started his move, and killed his very first vampire, burying the body in the woods. in short, more lists were sent by Henry to Abraham to kill the vampires that were in Springfield. One fine night, Abraham was visited by an old friend who was in town, and was told that he was being hunted for trying to free slaves. As Abraham grew in sharing his ideas on freeing the slaves, he gotten the attention from the senator and he began his journey as a politician from then on. Henry came to town to warn Abraham not to be involved in politics as well as relationships, but all Abraham cared was to seek revenge on Jack.Arguing his way out of vengeance, Henry finally gave in, and told Abraham that it is time for him to kill Jack Barts. earlier leaving, Henry gave Abraham a money tally with engravings of words, Time waits for no men. Abraham then sets o ut to Jack Barts plantation with the intention of killing him. However, moments to begin with dying in the hand of Abraham, Jack revealed that Henry, Abrahams mentor, is also a vampire himself. Upon hearing that, Abraham went to confront Henry after he killed Jack Barts. Seeing Henry being a vampire sucking on humans blood, Abraham became furious and attacked Henry. Feeling confused and betrayed, Abraham knew of no other solutions but to try to kill the man who taught him all that he knew about hunting a vampire. Henry then tried to calm him down, and told him the story of how he became a vampire. He also told Abraham the curse of the vampire, and that only a living can kill the dead. After hearing his story, Abraham cuts off his ties with Henry, and begins his journey of life. That very night, he proposed to Mary Todd and they got married. go game briefly found out about the death of Jack Barts, and ordered Vadoma to send an invitation to Abraham to his trap Adam set for Abraham in his own plantation. In order to make Abraham heed and accept his invitation, Adam had his men kidnap William as well. Abraham then made his way to Adam, with the company of Joshua and he tried to tell Joshua what they are about to face, but Joshua thought it was just merely a joke, until he saw the event himself. Abraham then went in ahead to try and rescue William, only to be captured by Vadoma. He was then given a preference to kill Henry, his mentor, or to be suffering from the same faith as Henry, and William being killed right before him. Just moments before Adam slits Williams throat, Joshua came in with the carriage, hitting Vadoma on the way, and managed to get both Abraham and William out.As they were escaping from Adams troops, they came in contact with the slaves that were in hiding from Adam, who took them to their hideout. After that, they fled to where they came from, and Abraham started his delivery on freeing the slaves, after what he saw back then. Henry then re-appears before Abraham, telling him that having the slaves there is what keeping the vampires under control as the vampires uses the slaves as their food. Having this chains broken will only cause an outbreak and retaliation from the vampires. Neglecting the advices from Henry, Abraham proceeds with his speech of freedom to all slave. Soon after, he was elected to be the President of the United States, and he and his wife moved into the White house, of which they have their son born into their lives, William Wallace Lincoln. Despite the warnings from his mentor, Abraham went on ahead in signing the Emancipation Proclamation that sets the courtly war to take place.Unknowingly to him, the Confederate President has consulted Adam to seek his help in sending his undead army to be in the front line against the soldiers from the United States who knew nothing about the vampires, in return a nation to be given to the vampires to grow and expand on their own accord. Vadoma was also on t he move into the White House, and gave William Lincoln a bite, and causes his death. Devastated, Abraham who were having dinner with his wife, perfectly realise the idea of the vampires weakness, liquid. He then ordered all the silver materials found in the household are to be confiscated and are to be used to make weapons against the undead army. Joshua then went to Vadoma, revealing Abrahams plan in moving the silver to the soldiers in the south fighting the army of the undead by train and gave Vadoma the schedule of the delivery. However, the train was just a decoy to capture the attention of Adam into believing that Abraham is sending the weapon of destruction to the to Adams vampire army.As Adam climb onboard of the train, he soon realised that there werent any silver on the train and it was filled with only stones. Knowing that he was tricked, Adam killed Joshua for betraying them, right before Abraham, William Johnson and Henry. As the railroad collapse, Adam tried to gain information from Abraham in regards of the location of the silver weaponries, only to be stabbed by Abraham, using his silver watch, and that puts an end to the vampire leader, Adam. Abrahams wife, Mary, led the slaves into delivering the weapons to the soldiers fighting in the south. She soon realised that Vadoma, the killer of her son, was there in the barracks.Getting a extend to herself, Mary found Vadoma. She then pulled her necklace off, and inserted it to the rifle, having the small little knife that William Wallace used to play with before he was killed as the pendant. She then fired towards Vadoma and it killed her instantly. The civil war finally came to an end. Henry offered to turn Abraham into a vampire, so that they could live forever and make changes to this world, but was turned down by Abraham who told him that very same line Henry had engraved in the silver watch he gave to Abraham, Time waits for no men.Reference ListIMDB. (2012). Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from http//www.imdb.com/title/tt1611224/Wikipedia (2012). Abraham Lincoln Vampire Hunter. Retrieved February 5, 2013, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Vampire_Hunter

Role of Angels

peeled testament November 5, 2012 Role of Angels Unthe likes of most(prenominal) disks in the Bible, where they be mostly historical, divine revelation is a book on prophecy. It is call backd that bottom the Apostle. The backchat revelation way of lifetime unveiling, it is the unveiling of an apocalypse. It is the only apocalyptic book in the Bible. In disclosure, Jesus will count again to figure his servants what is going to happen. This is similar to the Gospel of John, where Jesus comes to return what his Father has shown him.Angles come from the Greek leger from a?????? , meaning paragon, or knowledge (Angels forthwith all about paragons) also the term angel in Aramaic, MALAKHA, means messenger. Angels fuddle the knowledge of Gods word and atomic number 18 messengers to spread his word. Angels ar also found in m some(prenominal) religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. They atomic number 18 either guardians or messengers from God, In some cult ures, they are believed to be the most powerful type of fairy (Angels straight off all about angels).Is thither a hierarchy in Angles? in that respect are some that believe there is. Scholars of the Middle Ages believed that angels and archangels were lowest in the order because they were the most snarly in the arena of men and thus more susceptible to sin. (Angels today all about angels). The hierarchy according to Angels today are source hierarchy seraphim and cherubim. Seraph is menti unrivaledd in Isaiah 61-7 with six wings, dickens covered their faces, two covered with feet and two were for flying.Cherubims are menti matchlessd in Ezekiel 15 as, appearance form that of a man, save each of them had quadruple faces and four wings, their legs were straight their feet were like those of a calf, under their wings they had hands of a man. Second hierarchy includes dominions and powers or authorities, mentioned in Ephesians 612 For our pare is not against flesh and melodic line, just now against the rulers, against the authorities, against the powers of this dark world and against the spiritual forces of satanic in the heavenly realms. The deuce-ace and final tier of the hierarchy is the angels archangels.Angels are known as the messages of God. Archangels come from Greek meaning chief angel. The word Archangel only comes up twice in the New Testament and only one time with an angels name, Archangel Michael in Jude 19. Its historied that the word archangel is never plural in the New Testament, but in other books there is other mentions of other archangels Raphael in the obtain of Tobit, Uriel in the second Book of Esdras and Gabriel is believed to be an archangel but has no direct mentions of it. It is the making of four archangels.Angels play an important role in the book of Revelation, being involved with many of Gods judgments upon the flat coat. Revelation starts with the breaking of the sevener-spot oceanls. The first four summon the Fou r Horsemen, White Horseman to suppress and spread the gospel, Red Horseman represents war to make man kill each other, Black Horseman represents famine, and the Pale Horseman represents death (Rev 61-8). The fifth seal brought the souls of those who had been slain because of the words of God to the altar (Rev 69). The sixth seal caused a great seism (Rev 612).When the one-seventh seal was broken, seven angels came garbage drop from heaven with seven exclaims representing the seven plagues (Rev 82). First proclaim sounded and hail and fire mixed with blood is hurled to the earth. One third of earth is burned up one third of trees and all green grass is burned up. Second trumpet sounded and a huge, blazing mountain thrown into sea one third of the sea move to blood one third of sea creatures died one third of ships destroyed. Third trumpet sounded and a blazing star fell on one third of rivers and springs of water, one third of waters turned deadly killing many people.Forth tr umpet sounded and one third of sun, moon, and stars are struck, one third of the day was dark and one third of night. Fifth trumpet sounded and a star fallen from the sky is given the key to unlock the abyss. The sun, moon, and stars were darkened by smoke from the abyss as locusts came down upon the earth these creatures had power to torment those who did not have the seal of God on their fore operates for five months. Sixth a release the four angels bound at the river Euphrates one third of mankind is killed a two hundred jillion man army is organized and activated. Rev 8-9). Seventh angel blew his saddle horn starting the battle of Armageddon, then came flashes of lightning, rumbling, peals of thunder and a severe earthquake (Rev 1616-17). Some of these plagues are very similar to the plagues of Moses. The first trumpet is similar to the eighth plague in Moses, the ecclesiastic said purport handfuls of soot from a furnace and have Moses toss it into the air in the mien of Ph araoh. It will become fine dust over the whole prop of Egypt and Festering boils will break out on men and animals throughout the land. (Exodus 98-9). The second trumpet is like the first plague in Moses, where every stream, canal, reservoir, and even the water in wooden buckets and stone jars were turned to blood (Exodus 719). The fourth trumpet is like the ninth plague, and the superior said unto Moses, Stretch out tine hand toward heaven, that there may be nighttime over the land of Egypt, even darkness which may be felt. And Moses stretched forth his hand toward heaven and there was a thick darkness in all the land of Egypt three days (Exodus 1021-22).Finally the locusts access from abyss and tormenting those without the seal of God, is both like the locusts of the eighth plague, constituteing locusts to Egypt in Exodus 104 and that without the sign on them from Exodus 98. The start of Armageddon could have well before Revelation, but in Revelation 127-9, And there was war in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the tartar, and the dragon and his angels fought back. But he was not strong enough, and they lost their place in heaven. The great dragon was hurled down that ancient serpent called the devil or fiend, who leads the whole world astray.He was hurled to the earth and his angels with him. This all-out war in heaven forced monster down to earth and to be enslaved till the day of Armageddon. Satan, being a very intelligent foe, well remembers how he was outgunned in that battle. His angels are no match for Christ (Michael) and heavens angel army, so if they ever recreate again he will need serious reinforcements. (Cross). After Satan was defeated and sent to hell, one could imagine how Satan must have felt and waiting, planning for the day he could come back for one last final battle.After being defeated in heaven he will be looking for a fairer playing field, here on earth. Satan is preparing his army during the blowing of trumpets and the seven plagues. Then they gathered the kings in concert to the place that in Hebrew is called Armageddon (Rev 1616). The start of the battle of Armageddon starts in Revelation 19, I saw heaven standing open and there before me was a egg egg white horse, whose rider is called Faithful and True. With justice He judges and makes war. His eyes are like blazing fire, and on his head are many crowns. He has a name written on him that no one but he himself knows.He is dressed in a robe dipped in blood, and his name is the Word of God. The armies of heaven were avocation him, riding on white horses and dressed in fine linen, white and clean. Out of his mouth comes a sharp sword with which to strike down the nations. He will rule them with an iron scepter He treads the winepress of the vehemence of the wrath of God almighty. On his robe and on his thigh he has this name written King of kings and Lord of lords. Who is this guy on the white horse? The White Horseman? Hes not the Kin gs of kings or the Lord of lords.Is this Jesus himself setting off into a glorious battle, or just another angel or heavenly being. To sum up what the battle of Armageddon is, It is simply the final battle between Satan and his armies battle against Christ and his armies for mastery and ownership of the world, and the final defeat of Satans rebellion and human against human, the 200,000,000 man army created by the kings of the earth and Christ. The proceeds is such that sinners are destroyed and all sin is contained, for 1000 age (Cross). Revelation 21 The New capital of Israel is the only time a New Jerusalem is mentioned. Because the book was written after the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in A. D. 70 (Price). During Jesus times, his disciples wanted him to bring them a New Jerusalem and bring power back from the Romans. There is a slight reference to the destruction of the temple by the Romans in Revelations. I did not see a temple in the city, because the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb is its temple (Rev 2222). The best rendering of this New Jerusalem is, made ready as a bride beautify for her husband the bride, the wife of the Lamb (Rev 212-9).Randall Price pointed out the Judaic tradition that John would have knew well and the fable that is used in Revelation 21. In John 142. The background of the marriage metaphor is the Jewish custom of the bridegroom husband leaving the bride at the meshing to prepare a new house where they would dwell together once he returned to take away his bride. (Price). This city is heaven on earth, zipper impure will ever enter, nor will anyone who does what is shameful or deceitful, but only those whose names are written in the Lambs book of life (Rev 2127).In Revelation 22, there is another angel that shows John the river of the water of life and the tree of life. The river flowed from the throne of God down the middle of the great city New Jerusalem and the tree of life bearing twelve crops of fruit, yi elding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of nations. No longer will there be any curse. (Rev 22 2-3). This is the city of God and is protected from all things evil. After John had witnessed this vision he fell down before the angel who showed him, and the angel told him, Do not do itI am a swell servant with you and with your brothers the prophets and all who keep words of this book. Worship God forthwith we see many influences of angels in the modern world. There are shows like Touched by an Angel and Supernatural and show angels in them. These shows show the interaction of angels with people and the hierarchy of angels. The angels in Revelation are the low of Armageddon, come to fight the army of Satan and show the promised land of New Jerusalem. Work Cited Angels today all about angels.Web. November 4, 2012. Cross, Jack. The Apocalypse of Jesus the Angels and the Earth, Revelation 2012. Web. November 4, 2012. Cross, Jack. The Apocalypse of Jesus the Angels and the Earth, Ehe End of the Conflict 2012. Web. November 4, 2012. Price, Randall. The New Jerusalem. Jerusalem in Prophecy, Harvest House Publishers. 1998. Digital File. November 4, 2012. Zondervan NIV Study Bible. Fully rev. ed. Kenneth L. Barker, gen. ed. gravitational constant Rapids, MI Zondervan, 2002. Print. November 4, 2012.

Money Transfer in Ghana Case Study

The introduction of roving currency overhaul is taking place in isolation b arly in parallel with the advent and expansion of other pecuniary electronic payments military service. One of these is E-Zwich, an electronic platform that enables the loading and spending of electronic capital and uniformwise al lows the settlement of inter- assert claims in addition to online transactions. Others be being do available over the Internet and done SMS- school text messages. The government regards these run as banking.They ar strictly regulated and licensed by the Central brim- Bank of gold coast under its branchless banking policy. Both MTN and ZAIN SIM cards ar enabled to utilize the service but each brand-new subscriber needs to demo for the service at before it is activated. Upon activation, the affairr is provided with a secure electronic pocket edition where funds dissolve be disbursed or uploaded. The users stooge every exchange electronic gold for forcible imm ediate payment ( visiting cards out) at shops, furnish banks and accredited agents or make use of it in making purchases or impartings.Enabling a Cash Flow to Rural Areas In worldwide, the about(prenominal) familiar meandering(a) property service is funds communicate. The trend is for users in urban beas to transfer funds to recipients in rural areas. Traditionally in Ghana, city d healthyers often send funds to members of their extended family living in rural areas. Other typical services include the purchase of supple lift forward airtime, goods and services through electronic transfer of money from users wallet to the merchants account.Commenting on money transfer via energetic rallys, Carl NiikoiAshie, an mcommerce ( unstable commerce) medical specialist at Zain who plant life on ZAP, give tongue to The customers can cash in by loading money onto their ZAP wallet, then send the money to someone else on their phone in a simple process. The person receiving t he money can cash out by going to every of our outlets and exchanging the e harbor for physical cash. Were seeing tremendous reaping in the service across the country, with more than cash-in done in the major cities while cash-outs are seen predominantly in the smaller towns. Ashie sees a mount of evidence that his product is reaching Ghanas unbanked. Users do not need to clear a bank account to use the service. Currently, on that point are a lot of monetary transactions that take place impertinent the margin of the banks and it will take a product like ZAP to admit the void while providing a secure, convenient and trustworthy channel of transaction, tell Ashie. Some customers assimilate also bespeak products that will allow them to use their ZAP wallets for savings and hence enjoy interest on their savings, vindicatory as pertains in the traditional bank setting. Today, consumers require a diversity of styluss to send and receive funds or money transfers. Although development cash to send a money transfer is the most popular method for most heap, more and more volume want additive options to send and/or receive funds on the internet, over the phone, and now, on their ready phones. quick money transfer is simply another way to send money. It is a transfer of money to a receiver in which the funds are deposited into a peregrine or virtual wallet. As the number of roving phone subscribers in Ghana augments, so does the mart for nomadic money services.The majority of Ghanaians pretermit any(prenominal) bollock bank account. mobile money could change the shape of fiscal transactions in the country. An estimated 80 percent of Ghanaians are unbanked meaning they conduct their transactions outside the banking sector with no entranceway to pecuniary services. Products like mobile money, that enable safe and secure money transfers without the use of a bank account, could develop a major impact on this unserved segment of the population. Mobile money gives anyone with a mobile phone the ability to transfer money, make cash payments and conduct other financial transactions over the phone.Mobile money is a relatively new phenomenon in Ghana. It was first introduced by the telecom company MTN some years ago. MTN Mobile Money operates in union with nine banks. Currently, more than 2 million Ghanaians are registered as bustling users. MTN expects this number to grow as a result of the resources they have act to educating subscribers about switching from the traditional mode of cash payments to electronic payments. forward this year, Zain became the second mobile operator to provide mobile money services through the introduction of ZAP, working with three banks.The coverage and accessibility that mobile services provide is of increasing interest to the financial services sector. Countries are considering mobile engineering science to subjugate the constitute of delivering financial services to clients beyond the reach of traditional financial services. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Mobile money transfer has some socio-economic benefits in Ghana, some these are Firstly Improven financial inlet, consider a situation whereby a given business has to agree out a common payment operation, such as bill payment or funds transfer, and that operation demands transportation with all in conveniences given up to it.If the same transportation make up were paid to a service that would emergence the same payment on behalf of the company over the mobile phone instead, this more convenient method brings about saving time and zero for other activities, in so doing increasing productivity by exe strokee two tasks instead of one at the end of the day. It appears, indeed, that use your mobile phone to make payments represents to a very large extent convenience taken to another level.By exploiting the panoptic reach of mobile net profits, the mobile industry has the opportunity to complement and extend remittance carry, make transferring money significantly more convenient and also bring many people into the formal banking system. With more than 15,000,000 mobile phone subscribers in Ghana, the potency foodstuff for these new services is significant. Mobile money presents certain advantages for Ghanaians without access to banks. brainwave of mobile services across the world is increasing rapidly. In 1990 at that place were just over 11m mobile phone users worldwide.Today, over 3 one thousand million consumers own mobile phones. At the same time, the possibility to techni resoundy integrate mobile and financial services is becoming increasingly apparent. A late(a) survey conducted by Edgar Dunn & Company and the GSM Association (GSMA) predicts that, given an improve regulatory environment, in 2012 7% of the subscriber base in substantial countries and 4% in exploitation countries will initiate at least one cross-border remittance. This equates to just over 248 million consumers in 2012 using mobile money transfer services.Financial access for the scant(p) is still an essence in many developing countries. There are currently rough only 0. 5 million bank branches globally with only 1. 4 million ATMs compared to over 3 billion mobile customers worldwide. The mobile construction has the potential to extend access to financial services for the banked, but also for the under-served and unbanked parts of the population. This improved, financial access can be achieved by exploiting the extensive reach of mobile mesh topologys. Traditional remittance channels can be complemented and extended with mobile money transfer services.Thus making mobile money transfers significantly more convenient, bringing many remittances from escaped channels into the formal system. Secondly it reduces the transaction cost of money transfers. Bank transfers and specialist remittance companies can be prohibitively expensive for small identification transfers, limiting the ability of single workers to distribute funds to a bigger number of people and penalizing those displace small amounts. Retail expound and round costs increase overheads, introduceing to high commissions, especially for remittances below ghc ascorbic acid.It drastically cuts down the cost of providing service to customers. A study carried out proved that there is a substantial cut in customer circumspection cost. This results from the fact that mobile money transfer eliminates the need for costly call centers and frees up customer service help desk. In addition real time information is provided to customers and employees. Using a mobile platform such as SMS fro simple task as payment reminders and funds transfer can reduce the burden on IT and personal resources. This has also been found to reduce cost and errors associated with paper-base operations.Significant reduction in operational costs factor additional r stock-stillues can be invested in other areas of the business. Mobile t echnology can lower the cost of remittances as it removes the need for physical points of bearing and ensures a timely and secure method of transaction. This c at a timept of mobile money is exceedingly attractive to low income users in particular Mobile money transfer services can make remittances more affordable. Mobile technology lowers the cost of remittances as it removes the need for physical points of presence by banks and ensures a timely and secure method of transaction.This concept of mobile money is extremely attractive to low income users in particular. It reduces the transaction costs of financial services for the poor, especially those in rural areas where financial services seldom exist. Mobile money saves the cost of travel and time spent visiting the nearest town to access financial services. As noted in AudienceScapes research, mobile money provides people with a way to transfer money safely and keep (or even increase) their savings.From the customers perspective , mobile banking is relatively easy to use, and this is another advantage compared to traditional heart and soul of banking as well as electronic banking, given the fact that text messaging has become a common industry of mobile phones. thirdly mobile money transfers drive suppuration and development. Mobile money has the potential to create jobs directly through hiring in the mobile phone companies, render banks and the more than 4,000 merchants involved in Ghanas mobile money system.Key partners in the provision of mobile money services include commercial banks, mobile phone operators shops, distributor shops and accredited agents. Jobs may be created indirectly as mobile money contributes to growth in Ghanas business and trade. If deployed successfully, mobile money could help individuals harness funds outside the banking system and channel them into the formal financial sector, thus making it easier to gather funds for investments. Not surprisingly, the general manager of Mobile Money-MTN, Bruno Akpaka, sees many benefits for Ghana as it continues adopting this service.Akpaka believes mobile money will help trade activities within the country and foster wet business partnerships. The creation of wide merchant footprints in places where traditional banks cannot go also contributes to bringing people into this new model of financial transactions, said Akpaka. MTN Mobile Money is bridging this existing huge gap between the unbanked and the financial sector. Mobile-financial convergence creates socio-economic benefits. It is widely accepted, that increased access to mobile telephony in developing countries brings considerable benefits to the economies of the respective countries.It is estimated that an extra 10 mobile phones per 100 people in a typical developing country lead to an extra 0. 89 1. 210 percentage points of growth in GDP per person. In addition, remittances are an important engine for growth and development in developing countries. The World Bank estimates that reducing remittance commission charges by 2-5% could increase the flow of formal remittances by 50-70%, boosting local economies. Reducing the cost of sending each individual remittance would encourage the delivery of lower value remittances, at smaller values than todays average transfer of ghc200.Financial regulators have the opportunity to use the development of mobilefinancial convergence to achieve their aims ? ? ? ? New services offered to consumers, i. e. mobile money transfer services (innovation) Cheaper prices through more good use of the mobile infrastructure (competition) Across all consumer groups (banked, under-banked, unbanked) Transition remittances from informal to formal remittance channels (more visibility of money flows) Both the mobile and the financial industry benefit from this opportunity to cooperate in new ways providing innovative services to an increased customer base.The challenges facing the market. Access Access to the facili ties to receive money is often limited, particularly for the poorest people in more rural areas where the banking sector is under represented and a by and large cash- found economy exists. There are currently approximately only 0. 5 million bank branches globally with only 1. 4 million ATMs compared to close 2 billion mobile customers worldwide. Those who would benefit the most are therefore the least likely to benefit from remittances from migrant workers, locked out of their market through their social, economic and geographical position.Cost Bank transfers and specialist remittance companies are prohibitively expensive for small denomination transfers, limiting the ability of individual workers to distribute funds to a larger number of people and penalising the poor who can only afford to send small amounts. Retail premises and staff costs increase overheads, leading to a high icy commission cost per remittance with industry revenues estimated at an average 15% per transaction, increasing to over 25% for remittances below ghc100.Handset operability There are a large number of different mobile phone devices and it is a big challenge for banks to offer mobile banking solution on any type of device. Some of these devices support Java ME and others support SIM Application Toolkit, a WAP browser, or only SMS. Initial interoperability issues however have been localized, with countries like Ghana using portals like R-World to enable the limitations of low end java based phones, while focus on areas such as South Africa have defaulted to the USSD as a basis of communication achievable with any phone.The proclivity for interoperability is largely dependent on the banks themselves, where installed applications (Java based or native) provide remedy security, are easier to use and allow development of more complex capabilities connatural to those of internet banking while SMS can provide the basics but becomes toilsome to operate with more complex transactions. T here is a myth that there is a challenge of interoperability between mobile banking applications due to perceived lack of common technology standards for mobile banking.In practice it is too premature in the service lifecycle for interoperability to be addressed within an individual country, as very few countries have more than one mobile banking service provider. In practice, banking interfaces are well defined and money movements between banks determine the IS0-8583 standard. As mobile banking matures, money movements between service providers will naturally adopt the same standards as in the banking world.Security Security of financial transactions, being executed from some remote location and transmission of financial information over the air, are the most complicated challenges that need to be addressed jointly by mobile application developers, wireless network service providers and the banks IT departments. The following aspects need to be addressed to offer a secure infras tructure for financial transaction over wireless network 1. Physical part of the hand-held device.If the bank is offering smart-card based security, the physical security of the device is more important. 2. Security of any thick-client application trial on the device. In case the device is stolen, the hacker should require at least an ID/Password to access the application. 3. Authentication of the device with service provider before initiating a transaction. This would ensure that unauthorized devices are not committed to perform financial transactions. 4. User ID / Password authenticationof banks customer. 5. Encryptionof the data being transmitted over the air. 6. Encryption of the data that will be stored in device for later / off-line analysis by the customer. One-time password(OTPs) are the latest tool used by financial and banking service providers in the fight againstcyber fraud . Instead of relying on traditional memorized passwords, OTPs are requested by consumers each ti me they want to perform transactions using the online or mobile banking interface. When the request is received the password is sent to the consumers phone via SMS.The password is expired once it has been used or once its scheduled life-cycle has expired. Because of the concerns made explicit above, it is extremely important that SMS gateway providers can provide a decent quality of service for banks and financial institutions in regards to SMS services. Therefore, the provision of service level agreements (SLAs) is a requirement for this industry it is inevitable to give the bank customer delivery guarantees of all messages, as well as measurements on he speed of delivery, throughput, etc. SLAs give the service parameters in which a messaging solution is guaranteed to perform. Scalability & Reliability some other challenge for the CIOs and CTOs of the banks is to scale-up the mobile banking infrastructure to handle exponential growth of the customer base. With mobile banking, the customer may be sitting in any part of the world (true anytime, anywhere banking) and hence banks need to ensure that the systems are up and running in a true 24 x 7 fashion.As customers will find mobile banking more and more useful, their expectations from the solution will increase. Banks unable to meet the performance and reliability expectations may lose customer confidence. There are systems such as Mobile Transaction computer program which allow quick and secure mobile enable of various banking services. Recently in India there has been a phenomenal growth in the use of Mobile Banking applications, with leading banks adopting Mobile Transaction Platform and the Central Bank publishing guidelines for mobile banking operations.Application distribution receivable to the nature of the connectivity between bank and its customers, it would be impractical to expect customers to fixly visit banks or connect to a web site for regular upgrade of their mobile banking application. It will be expected that the mobile application itself check the upgrades and updates and download necessary patches (so called Over The Air updates). However, there could be many issues to implement this approach such as upgrade / synchroneity of other dependent components.Conclusion. For customers and businesses in the country, it is a unique platform to bring convenience in financial transactions to customers, an area which before this time period had been beyond our domain and reach for those of us in Ghana and most of Africa. For the customer, its time and cost saving elements cannot be over emphasized and the introductory we adopt electronic ways of financial transactions, the better it will be for a whole society that would see a transformation, resulting from the ability to cut down on time lost accessing basic services like funds transfer amongst businesses and individuals.