Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” Essay

Unjust Justice Systems;A comparison of the West Memphis Three and The CrucibleImagine sitting at home one night and having police officers show up at your hose and arrest you for a crime you had no idea was committed. Three teenage boys in West Memphis, Arkansas and over thirty-nine characters in The Crucible went through exactly that. The West memphis three is the trial of three teenage boys who were charged with killing two eight-year-old oys in the woods and leading a hate group. The trial portrayed in The Crucible are based on the real life Salem Witch Trials, the accused in the play were charged with witchcraft. Evidence in both cases was insufficient and mostly eye witnessed. Both crimes committed were abstract and referred to as the devils work. All accused in both trials were doomed from the beginning. In The Crucible to save oneself if accused one must confess to something they didnt do and then name people that did do it, basically if they wanted to live thy had to lie and accuse other innocent people. The West Memphis three had to go through the court system with corrupt people lying and no way to prove themselves innocent. Arthur Miller portrayed the evidence in The Crucible as only eye witness accounts and petty reasoning, such as the ability to fake a faint. The characters that danced in the woods were considered reliable and what they said was all that was needed to convict the people of witchcraft. In the real life accounts of the West Memphis three, the evidence used against the teenagers were black Metallica shirts, the confession that didnt match the incident, and peers that told the police that they overheard one of the teenagers say they were going to kill two boys. The peers story later changed when under oath but the judge reffered back to the first story to help convict the accused. In both cases the accusers could not counter argue the evidence because it was their word against the witnesses. Before the West Memphis trials the police had a confession from all three teenage boys. t was used against them in court. The reason for the confession, some argue, is a condition called Satanic Panic. Someone who has Satanic Panic creates false memories that place themselves at the scene of the crime they were accused of. The crime normally is devil related, for example rape, magic, and voodoo are all known as the work of the devil.  People who are diagnosed with Satanic Panic are normally also diagnosed with Multiple Personality Disorder. The witches in The Crucible were charged with harming others with magic. They had to confess themselves to keep themselves from being hanged. This is an example of how Satanic Panic is described. When Mary Warren says, Its not a trick! I-I used to faint because I-I thought I saw spirits. (miller 47) she is describing Hysteria, or Satanic Panic; she created the spirits because the other girls saw the. In The Crucible Hale, an expert in the area of witchcraft, played a large role in the courtroom. In the trial of the teenagers there was a doctor who was an expert in the area of stanic panic. Being experts in such areas are hard to prove, the doctor of satanic panic did not have a degree or any proof that he studied such a subject. He merely stated that he has worked with patients claiming to do things because the devil told them to. In the play Hale simply forces people to confess to save their lives, which is not the work of a doctor but more of a persuader. Both men later on reviewed the case, the accused, and the evidence and wanted to save the innocent people. Hale describes his change of opinion by saying, Let you not mistake your duty as I mistook my own. (miller 58) THey also were unsuccessful. Both crimes are abstract, meaning that there is no evidence attainable for a just conviction, but both crimes have serious consequences. In The Crucible the people who denied being a witch were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the teenagers were sentenced to be hanged. Two of the teenagers were sentenced to life in prison and the last was sentenced to death by injection. Is that fair? The teenagers still had a full life in front of them but because they were used as scapegoats, it was cut short. Can you call a justice system that convicts people for such crimes just?The 1994 case of the West Memphis three and the 1953 play The Crucible have similarities. Abstract convictions, false accusations, and unjust executions are all part of both trials. Neither account is something to be proud of, nor should such times be repeated. When you look at such similar occures, which are separated by four decades, you begin to wonder if humans really learn from their mistakes. Jessie Misskelley, Damien Echols, and Jason Baldwin, the West Memphis three, are sitting in jail; they have been there for 5220 days and  awaiting their death. Spreading knowledge of this hideous case and raising support could help get them and appeal and save three innocent people.

Childhood Obesity And Epidemiology Health And Social Care Essay

The survey of distribution and determiners of health-related jobs or events in a specific population is epidemiology. The application of this survey is to command the wellness job ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, p 220 ) . Epidemiologists study wellness related jobs like infective disease, chronic unwellnesss, environmental issues, and identified hazard factors and interventions. These surveies â€Å" enable us to understand the association between larning disablements and exposure to lead-based pigment dust, asthma aggravation and air pollution, and GI disease and waterborne Cryptosporidia. Environmental surveillance, such as childhood lead registers, provides informations with which to track and analyse incidence and prevalence of wellness results † ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, 240 ) The epidemiology triangle long-run effects of being an fleshy stripling is that there is a 70 % opportunity of them going overweight or corpulent grownups and 80 % if one or more parent in the place A is fleshy or corpulent. When fleshiness in childhood falls over into maturity, it increases the hazard of a general hapless wellness position. â€Å" In 2000, the entire cost of fleshiness for kids and grownups in the United States was estimated to be $ 117 billion where $ 61 billion are direct medical costs. † ( The World and I, 2006 ) . Childhood fleshiness has many finding factors, the most outstanding factors being theA deficiency of physical activity, unhealthy feeding, genetic sciences and societal factors, † socio-economic position, race/ethnicity, media and selling, and the physical environment. ( Kumanyika, 2008 ) . In general, eating more foodsA at fast nutrient eating houses than they are eating at place, imbibing more sugary drinks, and noshing on more unhealthy nutrients like french friess and french friess often has become prevailing among kids and striplings. This alteration is contributed to the American demand for convenience. A big per centum of kids ‘s leisure clip comes from Americans ‘ demand for watching telecasting, utilizing the computing machine, and playing video games occupy, which are act uponing their physical activity degrees. â€Å" It is estimated that kids in the United States are passing 25 % of their waking hours watching telecasting and statistically, kids who wat ch the most hours of telecasting have the highest incidence of fleshiness. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . This tendency is evident and a major hazard factor to child goon fleshiness because while the sedentary activity of watching Television and picture games normally involves the composing of repasts high in fat. Along with the dietetic alterations that affect childhood fleshiness, schools are besides lending by diminishing the sum of free drama allowed for kids during school. There are merely a 3rd of American simple schools, allow kids to hold day-to-day physical instruction, and merely a 5th of the simple schools have extracurricular actives for the kids to take part in. â€Å" Daily registration in physical instruction categories among high school pupils decreased from 42 % in 1991 to 25 % in 1995, later increasing somewhat to 28 % in 2003 † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . Surveies have showed that when parents eat fruits and veggies and they are readily available the penchants for kids to wantA such an point as a pick of bite are increased † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Researchers besides indicate that the societal context in which a kid is introduced to or has experiences with nutrient is instrumental in determining nutrient penchants the feeding environment that a kid is involved in will find the feeding pattern the kid will do in his or her life-time ( Birch, 2006 ) . â€Å" For many kids, feeding is a societal event that frequently times occurs in the presence of parents, other grownups, older siblings and equals. Children typically observe the behaviours and penchants of others in their milieus. This becomes the function theoretical accounts. Children observation in unhealthy eating wonts and behaviours has brought a rise in childhood weight jobs † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Constraints on parent ‘s clip potentially contribute to kids ‘s weight jobs, as working parents likely rely more to a great extent than non-working parents on prepared, processed, and fast nutrients, which by and large have high Calorie, high fat, and low nutritionary content. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Children left unsupervised after school may do hapless nutritionary picks and prosecute in more sedentary activities. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Childcare suppliers may non offer as many chances for physical activity and may offer less alimentary nutrient options. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Unsupervised kids may pass a great trade of clip indoors, possibly because of safety concerns, watching Television or playing video games instead than prosecuting in more active out-of-door chases. â€Å" ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . In short, the alterations in American society, peculiarly societal and economic alterations, have encouraged unhealthy wonts of extra ingestion. â€Å" These alterations have [ influenced ] the nutrients available in the places, the grade of influence parents have when kids make nutrient choices and has led to additions in sedentary behaviours among young person. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Finally there has been a big argument over whether or non overexposure to nutrient advertisement has increased the incidence rates of childhood fleshiness. â€Å" Furthermore, an accrued organic structure of research reveals that more than 50 per centum of telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrients and drinks such as confect, convenience nutrients, bite nutrients, sugar sweetened drinks and sweetened breakfast cereals that are high in Calories and fat and low in fibre and alimentary denseness. The statistics on nutrient advertisement to kids indicate that: i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Annual gross revenues of nutrients and drinks to immature consumers exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Food and drink advertizers jointly spend $ 10 to $ 12 billion yearly to make kids and young person: more than $ 1 billion is spent on media publicizing to kids ( chiefly on telecasting ) ; more than $ 4.5 billion is spent on youth-targeted public dealingss ; and $ 3 billion is spent on packaging designed for kids. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Fast nutrient mercantile establishments spend $ 3 billion in telecasting ads targeted to kids † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . There are a figure of root causes of fleshiness in kids. However, taking merely one or two chief causes or factors is impossible given the current information because the possible influences of fleshiness have many interlacing factors. â€Å" Another research spread stems from deficiency of a perspective longitudinal survey that links dietetic and other behaviour forms to development of fleshiness. Another complication of current informations is that there is a demand for more precise and dependable steps of dietetic consumption and activity degrees, as single callback of events and diet are non the most reliable beginnings for information † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Early bar of fleshiness is indispensable in more is understood about how genetic sciences is involved. â€Å" Research is merely get downing to explicate how gustatory sensation penchants develop, their biochemical underpinnings and how this information may be utile in controling chi ldhood weight addition. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . â€Å" Primary bar is non an option for many kids who are already fleshy. Research on successful intercessions for kids who are fleshy or at hazard of going corpulence is highly of import to cut down efficaciously childhood fleshiness in this state. † ( Maternal and Child Health Library, 2008 ) . â€Å" However, the basicss are clear, to remain healthy, eat a balanced diet and give equal clip to physical activity. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . This will assist epidemiologists and maintain down the cost of going healthy.

Eve: Heroine of Paradise Lost Essay

Milton’s Eve in Paradise Lost is apparently the weakness of Adam and the tragedy of Eden; she was a mere reflection of him â€Å"whose image thou art (Milton, Book 4, Line 472)†; she is subject to Adam to whom she says â€Å"God is thy law, thou mine (Milton, Book 4, Line 637). † Lastly, Adam himself calls her â€Å"the inferior, in the mind and inward faculties(Milton, Book 8, Line 542). † This weakness becomes the strength to contradict the established order. Being a tenuous reflection allows for the willingness to change that evolutionary progress depends on. Her subjection to Adam, a creature with limitations, bestows on that servility the possibility of autonomy. Inferiority in mind, because it denotes a lack of a closed framework of thought, permits an openness that is characteristic of true wisdom. Adam’s Soul and the Catalyst of the Myth Eve was Adam’s soul by which he breathed his life to other humans, that part of him which made choices, the part of him which was not totally subject to God. She needed to face the serpent alone and choose between free will and absolute mandate. In this sense, she embodied the active content of the story. Eve brings about change, and the episode of the meal is a central example in the series of incidents where she is the principal actor (Gulden). † Without her, Adam would had been idling about Eden, lonely and without purpose forever. Eve’s Choice Was God’s Choice We know the consequences of her choice. But what would have happened if she had chosen blind obedience instead. Paradise would have never been lost, but everything else which followed the fall, all the great saints and heroes of mankind, the shining examples of virtue would never have lived. This, in itself, justifies Eve’s option for free will with all its consequences; it was in accordance with the divine plan that man should himself realize his own Divinity. The thinking human race as we know it today, struggling for and intensely aware of its dignity, would never have been. Price says that â€Å"we gradually learn that the hero of the poem is Eve†¦Milton sees that the human race could literally not have continued (or developed) without her(Price). Man would have been eternally happy and eternally without free will, divine and irresponsible and senseless. The Wisdom of Eve Eve’s acknowledged role in Paradise was to people it with beings on a higher level than the beast’s and the fowl. In an environment graced by the blissful predictability of mental subjugation to a benign dictator, the forbidden fruit represented the chance to gain the sense of responsibility and autonomy that man as a spiritual being craves. It is the lack of the divine order providing an adequate sense of identity and autonomy to Eve that precipitates both her and Adam to the fall (Mason). † Feeling this need inside her, knowing that she was Adam’s image and he was the image of God, she intuited that the fruit was not evil and was not meant so much as test of obedience but a challenge to make an individual’s choice and take responsibility for that choice. What we lost in Paradise was only given to us; what we hope to have after that we ourselves will have merited by our endurance and courage.

Practical 6-Liquid preparations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practical 6-Liquid preparations - Essay Example Asphyxiating effects noted. Carcinogenic, Mutagenic, Teratogenic and Developmental toxicity not identified. (7) Follow written procedure as laid down by EPA and Material safety sheet. Proper usage of splash goggles, lab coat and gloves (PPE) and work in the fume cupboard when dealing with the chemicals. Correct wearing of Self containing breathing apparatus. Eye contact: In case of eye contact with irritant, harmful or corrosive chemicals eye should be rinsed with water for at least 15 minutes or Dipoterine (found at the first aid point . Diphoterine wash is available for treating exposure of skin or eyes to hazardous chemicals), make sure to carefully part the upper and lower eyelids without rubbing the eyes. Staff will be immediately consulted and medical aid will be followed consulting a physician. Skin contact: In case of skin contact with chemicals, the areas of contact will be carefully washed with water and soap for at least 15 minutes. If necessary cloths and shoes will be removed and destroyed. A physician will be consulted for further advice and treatments. Ingestion/Inhalation:Â  In case of ingestion or inhalation best thing to consult a physician for further advice. If chemicals are swallowed, mouth should be rinsed with water without inducing vomit. If vomiting occurs naturally, make the victim lean forward. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious

Compare or Contrast two politians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Compare or Contrast two politians - Essay Example They tolerated political dissent in their respective countries a. President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him. b. President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him. III. President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines are respected leaders in the world a. President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world. b. President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia Outline page Thesis: President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines were icons of democracy. They were elected through a popular vote, tolerated dissent and respected leaders of the free world. I. Elected through a popular vote was the political mechanism that President Obama was elected through a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected the candidates and President Benigno Aquino wa s elected through a popular landslide vote. a. President Obama was elected through a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected the candidates which is the political system in the US. b. President Benigno Aquino was elected through a popular landslide vote over several candidates during the 2010 election. II. They tolerated political dissent in their respective countries where President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him and President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him. a. President Obama is tolerant of the criticism hurled against him especially with the introduction of the expanded healthcare known as Obamacare. b. President Aquino did not do any crackdown when protesters gathered against him when Filipinos gathered around the Luneta Park to protest the use of Pork Barrel. III. President Barack Obama of the United States and President Benigno Aquino of the Philippines are respected leaders in the world because President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world and President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia. a. President Barack Obama is the leader of the free world being the President of the most powerful country in the world and can influence other governments to follow the path of democracy. b. President Benigno Aquino is considered an icon of democracy in Asia being the son of President Corazon Aquino who popularized the democratic protest of â€Å"People Power†. Essay The Democratic Political System Democracy is a political system where leaders must have the consent of the governed before they can rule. It is a political exercise derived from the Greeks where decisions are made based on the benefit of the majority and not just by some people. Democracy is also a political environment where people are free and have equal rights. These freedom and rights are guaranteed in their Cons titution or the law that governs their countries. These political system in practiced in the United States and Philippines where their leaders President Barack Obama and President Aquino has to be elected through popular vote, tolerant of political dissent their respective countries and respected leaders in the world. Elected through a popular vote was the political mechanism that President Obama catapulted him into office which is a college system of U.S. voting system where the various states elected

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States Research Paper

Equal Opportunity and the Law in the United States - Research Paper Example There are numerous research papers, books, journal articles and many other web sources which provide a detailed account of history of law making related to equal opportunity in United States and its prevailing practices along with application. In order to examine the general treatment of equal employment opportunity, it is important to evaluate the prevailing law in United States. According to details provided by department of labor (2012), no discrimination in the pursuit of providing and employment and financial assistance, must be exercised on the basis of age, disability, gender, immigrants and veterans. However, as far as veterans are concerned, it is important for the employers to ensure the validity of the working permits and residential visas. Where the details given on this website are reflective of United States’ policy about equal opportunity, its reliability an authenticity is evident by the source itself. The website is owned and managed by US department of labor (DOL) and only reflects the policy of US federal government towards employment laws. The relevant clauses referred on this website are related to Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 (VEVRAA), The Age Discrimination Act of 1975, Section 188 of the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (WIA), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Executive Order 11246. Instead of stating complete acts and bills, the website only refers to the related areas entailing anti-discriminatory policy related to implement and education. Another source which provides details of equal opportunity laws is the website of Equal Opportunity Commission appointed by United States government. The commission is responsible to ensure that there are necessary legal procedures in place in order to enforce equal opportunity as a legal requirement. The commission has presented guidelines which cover financial assistance, employment and education (EEOC, 2009). Through these guidelines, the US gov ernment has provided a clear structure to private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions, employment agencies and labor unions which provide details of relevant acts and bills, refraining from any kind of discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion, disability, marital status and gender (EEOC, 2009). Another important addition in EEOC guidelines is Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 prohibits employers from requiring any kind of genetic information from the applicants, employees and their relatives. This clause is to ensure that personal independence and privacy of any individual is not exploited. The content mentioned in this web source is reliable as it is extracted from the website of Equal Opportunity Commission which is a body representing government. Also, the content is elaborated with the help of prevailing legislation, therefore its authenticity cannot b doubted. In order to understand how equal opportuni ty became part of US law and an integral component of human resource management, the book written by Frank Dobbin (2011), named as ‘Inventing Equal Opportunity’ is one of the most preferred books. The book provides details as to how the equal opportunity regime was developed, adopted and accepted. According to Dobbin (2011), Equal opportunity law is an offshoot of Civil Rights 1964. Dobbin further asserts that it is

Fungi as a source of food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fungi as a source of food - Essay Example There is vitamin d2 production when ergosterols in mushrooms are exposed to ultraviolet light. Fungi have certain interesting twists especially when one zeros down to the mushrooms. In the ancient Egypt for example, mushrooms were exclusively believed to be foods for the royalties. The unique flavors intrigued the powerful pharaohs to the extent of declaring them illegal for the commoners to consume. In china, Greece, Mexico, Russia and Latin America, the practice of mushroom rituals took place. They believed that mushrooms possessed properties capable of producing super human strengths. They also believed that mushrooms could help recover lost objects, and take the human soul to the presence of the gods (Phillips and Reid 62). Edible fungi like mushroom have been in consumption since the 18th century. France prides early leadership in the farming of mushrooms with certain accounts stating that Louis XIV being the first mushroom grower. Mushrooms were grown near Paris in special caves set aside for this activity. Mushroom farming later spread to England since the farmers there found it very easy to grow. It demanded low investments, less labor and space. Mushroom farming found its way to the United States in the 19th century though the growers there largely depended on the spawn they imported from England (Phillips and Reid 32). A book was published in 1891 shedding a lot of light on mushroom growing. Immediately after, the department of agriculture in the U.S allocated some money in research and produced a pure-culture virgin spawn cutting their dependency on imported spawn. The growth of mushroom production has since then achieved great development in the U.S. Recent research by scientists on hallucinogen psilocybin, which is an active ingredient in mushrooms, shows that one dose causes serious positive personality change in their patients. The changes were

An analysis of the Ebola Virus (Ebola Hemorragic Fever) its ongoing Essay

An analysis of the Ebola Virus (Ebola Hemorragic Fever) its ongoing epidemiology, and ongoing prevention and control of this BSL - Essay Example The continued outbreak of Ebola in Africa has drawn worldwide attention because of its explosive emergence, high mortality, nosocomial secondary transmission, and ecological mystery. The worst outbreak occurred in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) and killed 250 out of 315 who contracted it, while one of the latest outbreaks, lasting through February of 2009, had a 47% mortality rate, killing 15 of the 32 infected (CDC). Safety measures recommended to avoid the contraction of the Ebola virus include the use of personal protective equipment (PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles) and, infection control measures including isolation, and complete sterilization of equipment. There is little research at this time regarding control of the infection since there is absence of significant knowledge about Ebola’s ecology. Thus, Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) is perhaps the most virulent virus known to mankind. Background In central Africa, the Ebola virus w as found to be the cause of a hemorrhagic fever with a high mortality rate in the mid-1970s and reemerged there in the mid-1990s (Waigmann, 2003, p. 6). In 1976, epidemics of hemorrhagic disease with very high mortality, up to 90%, broke out simultaneously in a remote area of Northern Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, (DRC) and Southern Sudan (Zuckerman, 2009, p. 755). The outbreaks in these areas were found to be due to two separate but antigenically related filovirus strains, distinct from Marburg virus. After some tests, these viruses were grouped under the name Ebola virus, after a river in Zaire (Zuckerman, 2009, p. 755). Among 318 probable cases, 280 died, a mortality rate of 80% (Zuckerman, 2009, p. 759). A smaller Ebola outbreak occurred in Sudan in 1979 with 34 patients and 22 deaths. There were outbreaks in 1989, when a shipment of monkeys with Ebola virus was imported from the Philippines by a commercial biological supply company in the United States. The 1 989 outbreak was focused in Reston, Virginia, and was thus called Ebola Reston strain. Hundreds of monkeys were killed in 1989 Ebola Reston outbreak to avoid spread of infection to humans. Animal handlers showed signs of infections, but not clinical manifestation. Because of this, it was believed that Philippine monkey strain of Ebola was less virulent for man. In 1992, there was a small monkey outbreak in Italy, and a single case of a Swiss technologist who did an autopsy on a chimpanzee in the Tai forest area of the Ivory Coast. In the early part of May 1995, health authorities noticed a cluster of Ebola cases in Kikwit Hospital, in Democratic Republic of Congo. Most of the cases resulted from close contact with patients and aerosol transmission, the mechanism by which Ebola virus is spread from a reservoir to a human being by means of aerosols (Ebola virus suspensions in air) and usually enters through the respiratory tract. The outbreak was controlled by limiting contact transmi ssions. In June 1995, 315 cases were detected and 77%, or 244, of these died (Evans, 1997, p. 140). In early 1996, an isolated outbreak occurred in Gabon with 37 cases and 21 deaths (Evans, 1997, p. 140). At the same time, a limited monkey outbreak occurred

Re-entry programs Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Re-entry programs - Case Study Example The most successful reductions in recidivism occur in states that have a comprehensive program to meet the needs of individual prisoners before and after they are released. Oregon is held up as the state most successful in reducing recidivism, with a drop of 32% between 1994 and 2004 (The Pew Center on the States). Oregon’s program includes a risk and needs assessment when the prisoner is first incarcerated and a detailed transition plan six months before release. Their program also includes a comprehensive shift among all levels of government so a prisoner is not immediately returned to prison but instead faces graduated sanctions in the community, to include short jail stays as a means of accountability (The Pew Center on the States). Graduated sanctions mean that the ex-prisoner is not immediately returned to prison for a technical violation. One of the most successful programs for incarcerated offenders is cognitive-behavioral treatment. These programs target the predictors of crime as well as anti-social attitudes and values (Hubbard). This treatment works well with the majority of prisoners but is deficient and even harmful to those with low self-esteem or a history of sexual abuse (Id.). However, the benefits of such treatment far outweigh the deficiencies and must be included in the over-arching goal of behavioral change. Current research indicates educational programs are an important tool in reducing both re-offense and technical violations (Brewster). In a study performed in Oklahoma prisons, women benefited the most from educational and vocational-technical training, but men benefitted as well (Id.). Substance abuse treatment and counseling has also proven effective when begun in prison and followed up with after care (American Psychological Association). Research in California prisons showed a three year

Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness Research Paper

Vulnerable Population and Self-Awareness - Research Paper Example Most of these people fall under the categories of people with disabilities, children, and the elderly. The Service Community Assessment of Needs state that these groups are considered most vulnerable due to their being unaware of their situation and the lack of services and resources made available to them (Poirrier, 2001, p.73). Furthermore, these groups are very much dependent on other groups to fight for their welfare since they are mostly unable to do it on their own. A big percentage of these people are within the poverty level, and the concern does not yet include those who may be HIV positive, or may be suffering from mental issues, etc. As a nurse, one should understand that dealing with the vulnerable population is more than counting the numbers or acquiring percentages (Poirrier, 2001, p.36-7). It is about eliminating the factors that put these people into these situations. However, in this paper, a different view of vulnerable population will be discussed. Young adults may not normally be deemed as vulnerable in terms of nursing or health care. However, there are certain factors that show that this population is as susceptible as the elderly, the children, or the people with disabilities in terms of access to proper and adequate health care VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SELF-AWARENESS 3 (Poirrier, 2001, p.74). ... ople are are the peak of their strength and capabilities, and are given more options or choices compared to other age brackets (Stergiopoulos, Dewa, Durbin, Chau and Svoboda, 2010, p.1033). While this may be true in certain aspects, there is one big factor that prove this population can be as exposed to harm as the other vulnerable populations. Most of my researches and observations are within the community setting. I have seen and heard about homeless young people who are picked up from the streets and sent to the E.R. at every dangerous rise or fall of the temperature. I have seen and heard about young people experiencing the trauma of unwanted pregnancies, sexual assaults, or sexually transmitted diseases at a time when they are too young to be prepared for such major life events, just because they are living in the streets. As I go on seeing and hearing about these people, I have come to realize that these young individuals are as vulnerable as the ones that the health industry c onsider. My major concern here is the â€Å"harm being done to this population that will reflect further in their lives† (Poirrier, 2001, p.74-5). The National Healthcare for the Homeless Council states that among those falling under the 18-24 age bracket, a big percentage experience homelessness, and that the number continues to rise annually (Stergiopoulos et al., 2010, p.1032). Homelessness among these young adults reach up to 2 million a year (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2008, p.213). This alone speaks a lot about the large number of individuals exposed to multiple dangers and susceptibilities daily. This, too, VULNERABLE POPULATION AND SELF-AWARENESS 4 tells us that they require much-needed attention as much as the other considered vulnerable populations in the health industry. Furthermore,

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 35

Strategic Management - Essay Example Bargaining power of the buyers or customers is also considered as an important factor affecting the operations of the hotel. The customers of Aber Gardens include the Leisure and Business travelers along with guests and customers in need of organizational space settings to conducts events and conferences. The number of customers is high during peak season and at this time; the customers are identified to have high bargaining power. The availability of substitutes is medium to low in nature, as there are very few alternative to Aber Gardens available for the customers (Cheng, 2013). In case of premium segment, the hotel operates in a number of subsidiaries at different locations. Product differentiation is high, as services offered are differentiated from the services provided by competitors. In this respect, the hotel with differentiated products and brand value is able to retain premium customers. Customers exhibit low switching costs and high requirement of capital for making investment in staff development and infrastructural facilities. Respectively, barriers to entry are low for other hotels operating in the area (DÃ ¤lken, 2014). Threat of substitutes is medium, as competitors that include Kimps Hotel Group and Turnover hotels are engaged with similar services that include room service, leisure accommodation and corporate guestrooms. The switching costs are low and the value of substitutes is low, as there are chances of high informal accommodation during peak season (Amrollahi & Akhgar, 2013; Bardis, 2012). Finally, an important factor that can affect the business environment of Aber Gardens is the ‘Degree of rivalry’. The number of competitors is less as Aber Gardens falls in a premium segment, but the attractiveness is high, as Aber Gardens attracts customers based on discounts and quality services.

Graffitis impact on society Essay Example for Free

Graffitis impact on society Essay Who is responsible for the pervasion of this so called artcrime in todays society The word graffiti is derived from the Latin term graphium which means to write. Graffiti evolved during ancient times but first impacted on modern society in the late 1960s, when political activists used it as a medium of revolt against governing powers. Thereafter, individual artists began to gain recognition. TAKI 183 was the first known artist to write tags, starting in central New York subways. After seeing the regular appearance of TAKI 183s tags, new artists began to flourish throughout New York City, establishing personal tags visible to almost everyone. The artists goal was to be the most prolific and visible, leaving tags on subways, buses, trains and walls around the city. Graffiti later developed into an art form, where the writer with the most unique style and conspicuous presence was deemed the best. While the competition between artists in New York reached boiling point at this time, the rest of the world began to experience the first of these so called artcrimes. Graffiti is just another form of art, and art is all self expression, legally or illegally Inevitably, laws were introduced aiming to control the outbreak of graffiti artists. This provoked a race amongst artists to paint as many trains and subways as possible, before the law caught them. The recognition of style and technique gained more appreciation by fellow writers as the use of vivid colours and seemingly cryptic language developed. The original style of tagging progressively became an artform. Today there is a definite distinction between tagging to deface and  street art. Graffiti has developed over time to create a complex social framework, involving breakdancing, DJing, MCing and graffiti to form a popular youth culture referred to as The urban Hip-Hop culture. These arts arose from New York, where gangs used these various methods as a way of self expression and often in other ways to settle arguments. Recently, legal street art has been used by local government and youth centres to discourage the tagging and vandalism which regularly occurs in their area, to present to the upcoming youth a form of self expression without involving illegalities. But unfortunately, official attempts are often in vain. The reason these artists enjoy painting walls results from the adrenaline rush involved in expressing yourself illegally, which in our case just happens to be via graffiti. To me graffiti is just another form of art, and art is all self expression, legal or illegal states local Perth artist Dave K. Dave goes on to say, The ultimate rush comes from painting in a more difficult place, especially trains. There are plenty of new kids to the scene who just tag for a kick but dont understand the deeper meaning of graffiti as an artform and its those people who give us a bad name. Yet the continuation of youth projects such as that at the Claremont Showgrounds show a positive effect on the community, lighting up the walls and reducing vandalism in the area. A surfer travels the world for the perfect wave, writers travel the world for the perfect train yard Senior policeman, Constable, Nick Steele, has become a full time youth advisor, and organises legal graffiti for the kids of Perth. He says, We use it as a gateway for the kids, to discourage the unartistic forms of graffiti like tagging and scratching, and encourage youth to get involved in projects such as the Claremont Showgrounds wall. To me these projects have positive effects on the kids and the community. We can expect more legal graffiti to be organised in the near future. The graffiti explosion has touched over 75% of the world, creating a worldwide network where writers from Australia may travel in Europe to paint trains Graffiti is similar to surfing, as a surfer travels the world for the perfect wave, writers travel the world for the perfect train yard, says renowned artist CES of New York. The complexity of todays youth culture continues to grow. Todays graffiti problem is commonly considered a burden on society, as the regular removal of graffiti costs an enormous amount of money. An estimated $15 billion (US) worldwide each year is spent on the consistent removal of sprayed, marked and scratched surfaces. If, as Constable Steele suggests, the artistic form of graffiti as street art can override the more defacing form of tagging scratching, the graffiti culture may yet prove an asset to society by minimising graffiti done as vandalism.

How Global Capitalism Creates Economic Zones

How Global Capitalism Creates Economic Zones Requirement question: According to dependence theory, how does the global capitalist system create distinctive economic zones in the world? What is the effect on the states? DEPENDENCE THEORY: HOW GLOBAL CAPITALIST SYSTEM CREATE DISTINCTIVE ECONOMIC ZONES AND. A theory according to the Oxford dictionaries it is defined as a system of ideas intended to explain something supposition. (Oxyford Dictionaries) It is a set of interrelated concepts trying to explain a phenomenon. Dependence theory is a body of knowledge/perception composed of different works from different contributors. They have varying definitions of dependence theory. However, there are three common features to these definitions which most dependency-theorist share. The first character is that they view the world in two sets of states, the dominant verses dependent or center verses periphery or metropolitan verses satellite. The center/metropolitan/dominant are the developed, industrialized nations/states/countries in the (OECD) Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development while the periphery/satellite/dependent are the third world countries with low per capital also refered to as the undeveloped or developing nations/states. (Ferraro, 2008) Second, they portray a view that there are external forces such International commodity markets, foreign assistance, and other means that are utilized by the industrialized countries to represent and push for their economic interest abroad. These are usually unfair to the third world countries in one way or the other. (Ferraro, 2008) Thirdly, these theorists indicate that the relations between the dominant states and the dependent nations not only do they intensify unequal patterns between the states but also they reinforce unequal patterns and these relationships are dynamic. Moreover, dependency is a very deep-seated historical process rooted in the internationalization of capitalism. (Ferraro, 2008) The dependency theorists attempts to explain the state of being undeveloped of the third world countries by examining the patterns of interactions arguing that inequality among the nations comes from within or. (Ferraro, 2008) The theorist to this theory holds that international capitalism is the driving force behind dependency relationships the spread of the contemporary world system. (Robbins, 2010) They explain poverty and slow or no know development among other problems faced by third world countries as having their roots or arising from the global capitalist systems. (Angotti 1981, pp. 124-125; Jackson Soensen 2010, p.207). (Ball, 2012) The dependent/periphery states supply raw materials such as minerals, agricultural commodities and labor at a cheap price to the industrialized countries due to the established relationship. The dependent countries also provide market for the manufactured goods, which are sold at high prices, market for the obsolescent technologies and surplus capital for the developed countries. The economy of the dependent states due to this is oriented towards the outside looking up for goods, services, and money to flow from the developed states to them. Unfortunately, for them the allocation of these resources is determined by the industrialized/dominant states and their economic interest (Ferraro, 2008) The spread of the capitalist world system has been accompanied by the creation of distinctive patterns of social relations, ways of viewing the world, patterns of health and disease, relationships to the environment and so on. (Robbins, 2010) How global capitalist system create distinctive economic zones People from the third world countries/dependent/periphery/satellite states are not responsible for the developmental failures of their societies, a view of the neo-Marxist dependency theory. Andre Gunder Frank one of the leading theorists of dependency theory lack of development in these dependent states is because the Developed nations have deliberately undeveloped them. Some of the ways Western nations under develop the third world countries include: Global capitalism- according to Frank argues there exists a global system of capitalism. In this system the developed nations exploits the dependent nations/the periphery. The dependent states are The periphery is kept in a state of dependency and under development kept in an undeveloped state to continue providing cheap raw materials and labour to the developing countries. Historically this relationship of exploitation and dependency occurred through slave trade and colonization and today though aids given by the developed states to the dependency state, multinational companies practices and through international trading systems which the West dominates (revisionworld) Historical exploitation-slavery and colonialism- Frank points out that the trade in slavery earned big profits to both the slave traders and the plantation owners who utilized this source of cheap labour in the18th century. These countries super accumulated capital from this and the capital was invested in industrial revolution and consequently helped kick-start industrial development. According to Paul Harrison, by use of military technology Europe conquered and colonized many states around the world in the 18th century. The colonies were exploited for law materials for their industries, cheap food and cheap labor. Some of the land used traditionally for growing food was turned to production of cash crops for export while in other places new farms were created. (revisionworld) Contemporary exploitation- this is exploitation through international trade. The way world trade is organized today is a legacy of colonialism. Though most of the countries achieved their political independent their economies still is based on exporting cash crop and raw material to the Developed countries and are over-dependent on either one or two products therefore any over production or fall in Western demand of the products can be detrimental to the country’s economy. The Western nations further limit the export earnings of dependency states by setting the prices for many of their products and setting tariffs and quotas, also through taxation of especially manufactured products which limits products entering the First World (revisionworld) Neo colonialism- new forms of colonization is emerging where at the forefront of this Neo-colonialism are the multinational companies (MNCs). These MNCs exploits the dependency states for cheap raw materials, cheap labour and new markets in search for profits. Official aid- official aids have become another source neo-colonialism. These official aids in form of loans, weapons, medicines and human expertise flows from the developed states to the dependent countries. They create a good pathway of exploitation through imposition of requirements to qualify for the business. Most loans to the Third World involve interest. However, economies grow too slowly and long-term development projects such as irrigation schemes, dams, etc. can be slow to generate the predicted income or may fail. In the meantime, the interest builds up and can eventually outstrip the initial loan. (revisionworld) The effects of global capitalism on the states Global capitalism has created a huge economic zone between the third world countries and the developed countries. Some of the major/common effects of global capitalism on the third world states include. Increase in poverty level, hunger and starvation- capitalism has lead to increase in poverty level in third world countries while the first world countries grow richer and richer. Increased conflicts- capitalism has lead to increase in conflicts between ethnic groups, tribes, countries/states/nations over resources. Deprivation- there is also a lot of deprivation where those in the periphery are deprived essential needs. Social injustice and decline in justice- Robert Reich in his work How Capitalism is Killing Democracy observes that democracy is being snuffed out by the pursuit of profit. (Reich, 2007) Inequality-inequality is increasing almost everywhere in the postindustrial capitalist world due to capitalism. Oppression- the trade tariffs and quotas put in place by the third world countries are oppressive and exploitive to the world in today’s world system driven by capitalism. Exploitation- the third world countries are exploited by the developed countries for cheap labour and resources in return for the obsolete technology of the West. (Economics online) Under-development- capitalism and imperialism are perceived as the major cause of the current underdevelopment in Africa among other third world countries. REFERENCES Ball, J. (2012, 11 12). Dependency and World Systems theories explanation of Chinas rapid economic growth. Just Another Journalism Students blog. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from jessicakball.wordpress.com/2012/11/10/the-correlation-between-dependency-and -underdevelopment-and-dependecy-and world-system-theories-explanation-of-chinas-rapid-economic-growth/ Economics online. (n.d.). Dependecy theory. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Economics Online: www.economicsonline.co.uk/Global_economics/Dependecy_theory.html Ferraro, V. (2008). Dependency Theory: An Introduction. (G. Secondi, Ed.) The Development Economics Reader, 58-64. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/depend.htm Martin, P. (2014, July 25). Capitalism and Global Poverty. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Global Poverty: www.globalresearch.ca/capitalism-and-global-poverty-two bilion-poor-one-billion-hungry/5393262 Muller, J. Z. (2013, March/April). Capitalism and Inequality. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Foreign Affairs: m.foreignaffairs.com/articles/138844/jerry-z-muller/capitalism-and-inequality Oxyford Dictionaries. (n.d.). theory. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from Oxford Dictionaries : www.oxforddictionaries.com/defination/english/theory Reich, R. B. (2007, September 05). Robert Reich: How Capitalism is Killing Democracy. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from Economists View: economistsview.typepad.com/economistsview/2007/09/robert-reich-ho.html revisionworld. (n.d.). Dependecy theory. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from revisionworld: revisionworld.com/a2-level-level-revision/sociology/world sociology/sociological expanation-development-under- developments/dependancy theory Robbins, R. H. (2010). Global Problems and the Culture of capitalism (5th ed.). New York: Allyn Bacon Publishing, inc. Retrieved December 21, 2014, from faculty.plattaburgh.edu/richard.robbins/legacy/book_plan.html The Socialist Party of Great Britain. (n.d.). Africa and the reality of capitalism. Retrieved December 22, 2014, from The Socialist Party of Great Britain: www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/education/depth-article/global-economy/africa-and-reality-capitalism

Racial Inequalities and Tension Essay -- Article Review

After centuries of fighting, protesting, and labor, the fight for equality seemed to reach a conclusion. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 brought an end to segregation and promoted full equal opportunities for not only African Americans but other ethnicities as well. America elected Barack Obama as its president, allowed certain months to represent cultural awareness, and immigration numbers augmented. However, regardless of the fact that the country becomes increasingly diverse by the day and heavy, racial social boundaries no longer exist, racism, prejudice, and stereotypes still exist. â€Å"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line† (McQuade 391) says it the best; racial and ethnicity still remain underlying causes for conflicts and many other national issues as said in the text. Supporting its own claim, the text refers to the essay â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† by Ta-Nehisi Coates to reemphasize the racial tensions and differe nces existing in today’s society. Combining researched articles and the text resources, strong evidence of racial inequality and tension still exists to this day. Coates’ article â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† provides Bill Cosby’s viewpoint on the subordinate order of blacks to whites. Coates attended one of Cosby’s speeches at a small Detroit church and listened as he preached to the audience. More specifically, Cosby targeted African American males in his speech, due to the fact that a substantial amount of them abandoned their responsibilities as fathers. Cosby starts the speech by ensuring African American equality; he attempts to convince they crowd that â€Å"We are not a pitiful race of people† (447) and he spent the entirety of the speech convincing change. Cosb... ...cial motive in Tulsa killings - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . H. Ted Denney, et al. "White Privilege Awareness And Efficacy To Reduce Racial Inequality Improve White Americans' Attitudes Toward African Americans." Journal Of Social Issues 68.1 (2012): 11-27. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 May 2012. McQuade, Donald, and Christine McQuade. Seeing & writing 4. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print. Takeuchi, Craig. "Reported hate crimes decline in Canada while studies explore roots of homophobia, racism." Straight.com: Vancouver's Online Source . N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . Racial Inequalities and Tension Essay -- Article Review After centuries of fighting, protesting, and labor, the fight for equality seemed to reach a conclusion. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 brought an end to segregation and promoted full equal opportunities for not only African Americans but other ethnicities as well. America elected Barack Obama as its president, allowed certain months to represent cultural awareness, and immigration numbers augmented. However, regardless of the fact that the country becomes increasingly diverse by the day and heavy, racial social boundaries no longer exist, racism, prejudice, and stereotypes still exist. â€Å"The problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color-line† (McQuade 391) says it the best; racial and ethnicity still remain underlying causes for conflicts and many other national issues as said in the text. Supporting its own claim, the text refers to the essay â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† by Ta-Nehisi Coates to reemphasize the racial tensions and differe nces existing in today’s society. Combining researched articles and the text resources, strong evidence of racial inequality and tension still exists to this day. Coates’ article â€Å"This is how we lost to the white man† provides Bill Cosby’s viewpoint on the subordinate order of blacks to whites. Coates attended one of Cosby’s speeches at a small Detroit church and listened as he preached to the audience. More specifically, Cosby targeted African American males in his speech, due to the fact that a substantial amount of them abandoned their responsibilities as fathers. Cosby starts the speech by ensuring African American equality; he attempts to convince they crowd that â€Å"We are not a pitiful race of people† (447) and he spent the entirety of the speech convincing change. Cosb... ...cial motive in Tulsa killings - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. . H. Ted Denney, et al. "White Privilege Awareness And Efficacy To Reduce Racial Inequality Improve White Americans' Attitudes Toward African Americans." Journal Of Social Issues 68.1 (2012): 11-27. Academic Search Premier. Web. 4 May 2012. McQuade, Donald, and Christine McQuade. Seeing & writing 4. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. Print. Takeuchi, Craig. "Reported hate crimes decline in Canada while studies explore roots of homophobia, racism." Straight.com: Vancouver's Online Source . N.p., n.d. Web. 4 May 2012. .

How The Product Will Be Marketed :: Business and Management Studies

How The Product Will Be Marketed The trainers will have to be repositioned in my adverts to appeal more to elderly people, which will mean finding the areas of current trainer adverts that are targeted at younger people and replace them with alternatives which are more aimed at older people. This should be done but I must make sure that the product is still represented how I want it at the end of my advert. I would like my product to be seen by older folks as something that can give them more speed, balance, and a physical advantage, whilst still being comfortable and with a smart appearance for a pair of trainers. Associating the product with these characteristics can do this. The Nike trainer advert I described in the introduction was of two sportsmen beating a man in a fight due to their amazing speed, given to them by their Nike footwear. If I was to make this appeal to over 60s then I would have to replace the two Nike-endorsing athletes with older alternatives, and to complete all my aims in general I would have to add something about how the trainers give you a more sophisticated look. Also my questionnaire revealed that 44% of elderly people believe that inflexibility in a shoe is the worst characteristic so this must be avoided and overcome. For my TV advert I have decided to have the camera focus the viewers on a man who is working out hard and training for a race, and he is talking how it has taken him so long to get here and how he's devoted his life to it. Then in the race an old man wearing Donaldsons trainers beats him. This links Donaldsons to achievement and success, and will appeal to older people because it shows how Donaldsons trainers can make them do things they could only do when they were young. Next in the advert the man is at a press conference in a suit still wearing the trainers, and he praises the shoes and claims they are why he won. This scene relates the brand to elegance and having a smart appearance, if a famous, successful man is wearing the Donaldsons with his suit. Also when he claims the Donaldsons made him win it shows that it doesn't matter how much physical ability you have beforehand, Donaldsons can make you amazingly good.

Anti Abortion - The Truth of Abortion :: social issues

Anti Abortion - The Truth of Abortion "And, behold, one came and said unto Him, Good Master, what good thing shall I do, that I may have eternal life? And He said unto him, Why callest thou me good? There is none good but One, that is, God: but if thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments. He saith unto Him, which? Jesus said, THOU SHALT DO NO MURDER, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness, Honour thy father and mother: and, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." ~ Lord Jesus Christ Quote, Matthew 19:16-19, King James Version Bible †¢ Introduction : To know and feel truth is essential to understanding. You may say, "...not another religious person..." but I say unto you, I come about this conclusion through pure reason. Of course, this is a tender subject, but that goes to reason. For it is essential for truth and feeling to come together in the expression and beholding of understanding. †¢ Abortion and Choice : We have freewill to either magnify goodness or not. We have freewill, as has been given to us by our Creator, to do good or evil. Hence, I nor anyone else – not even God – has the right to deny another from any course of action – in this case, abortion. †¢ Abortion Stance : Truth is eternal regardless of situation. Though, as I have clarified above, do not have the right to deny another of choice, I do and will utilize my right in voicing my stance against it – that abortion is murder. I understand there are pregnancies by rape, and I know it is wrong to, not only, forbid an abortion, but it would also be cruel. Still, I remain with belief that abortion is murder. I understand there are pregnancies that endanger the mother's life, and I know it is wrong to, not only, forbid an abortion, but it would also be cruel. Still, I remain with belief that abortion is murder. I understand there are pregnancies that are unwanted, which have occurred by the voluntary engagement in the activity of reproduction. Whatever the case may be, which results in an unwanted pregnancy through voluntary engagement in the activity of reproduction, the couple has acted irresponsibly. For when a couple engages in the activity of reproduction, it comes with the possibility of responsibility in assuming parenthood.

Organization Strategy and Structure Essay

By now, it should have been clear that there is no such thing as the one right organization. There are only organizations, each of which has distinct strengths, distinct limitations and specific applications. It has become clear that organization is not an absolute. It is a tool for making people productive in working together. As such, a given organizational structure fits certain tasks in certain conditions and at certain times. Given this perspective, as organizations tend toward more efficiency and effectiveness, so does the structure. For example, one hears a great deal today about â€Å"the end of hierarchy. † This is blatant non-sense. In any institution, there has to be a final authority say, the boss – someone who can make the final decision and who can then expect to be obeyed. But, what is the right organization to handle crisis is not the right organization for all tasks. Sometimes the team approach is the right answer. In fact, the pharmaceutical industry used this strategy long before â€Å"team† became a buzzword in the organization community.

Understanding Nonverbal Communication

Communication is more than just an exchange of dialogue. Sometimes, even the most powerful messages are unsaid or nonverbal. Nonverbal communication reminds you of what is inside another person’s mind. Emotions and thoughts are usually conveyed without the use of words or voice, but the best communicators are sensitive to its messages. Nonverbal communication includes facial expression, gestures, body language, and the use of space. A study over at UCLA indicated that around 93 percent of communication effectiveness is determined by nonverbal cues. Another study shows that the impact of a singing performance was determined seven percent on the words used, 38 percent by voice quality, and 55 percent by nonverbal communication. Nonverbal behavior also reflects a person’s true emotions and thoughts. A speaker may try to say one thing, but his body language and the tiniest of facial expressions tells otherwise. However, multicultural differences in body language and gestures are usually open to misinterpretation. Greeks would nod their heads when they mean â€Å"no,† which we would instantly misunderstand for a â€Å"yes. † Brazilians, meanwhile, would find the OK sign vulgar. With the thumb and index finger forming a circle and the three other fingers are extended, for them it means â€Å"you’re an a-hole. † With these in mind, nonverbal communication can be a vital tool in screening job candidates. If you want to determine what is really on each interviewee’s mind, you need to pay close attention to the following. Watch their body language – People communicate on many level. Their facial expressions, eye contact, posture, hand and feet gestures, body movement, and even appearance can determine a person’s confidence level as well as the emotions conveyed. In fact, how a job applicant sits in the lobby can say a lot about his skills, strengths, weaknesses, and concerns. Check if the verbal and nonverbal communication agrees with each other – If a person says one thing but his body gesture tells you otherwise, give more weight on what he does not say. He may try to mask his thoughts by saying things differently, but his nonverbal behavior would most likely show it. Practice reading nonverbal communication – We do not become experts in nonverbal communication overnight. Understanding this types of communication takes time and practice. The first step is to recognize the power of what is unspoken, as well as following your gut whether what the applicant said is true.

Motivation Theory Essay

1. What motivates behavior? According to humanist psychologist Abraham Maslow, our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain needs. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs before moving on to other, more advanced needs. This hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of the most basic needs, while the more complex needs are located at the top of the pyramid. Needs at the bottom of the pyramid are basic physical requirements including the need for food, water, sleep, and warmth. Once these lower-level needs have been met, people can move on to the next level of needs, which are for safety and security. As people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. Soon, the need for love, friendship, and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid, the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority. 2. Clayton P. Alderfer’s ERG theory from 1969 condenses Maslow’s five human needs into three categories: Existence, Relatedness and Growth. Existence Needs Include all material and physiological desires (e.g., food, water, air, clothing, safety, physical love and affection). Maslow’s first two levels. Relatedness Needs Encompass social and external esteem; relationships with significant others like family, friends, co-workers and employers . This also means to be recognized and feel secure as part of a group or family. Maslow’s third and fourth levels. Growth Needs Internal esteem and self actualization; these impel a person to make creative or productive effects on himself and the environment (e.g., to progress toward one’s ideal self). Maslow’s fourth and fifth levels. This includes desires to be creative and productive, and to complete meaningful tasks. Even though the priority of these needs differ from person to person, Alberger’s ERG theory prioritises in terms of the categories’ concreteness. Existence needs are the most concrete, and easiest to verify. Relatedness needs are less concrete than existence needs, which depend on a relationship between two or more people. Finally, growth needs are the least concrete in that their specific objectives depend on the uniqueness of each person. Contrarily to the idea by Maslow that access to the higher levels of his pyramid required satisfaction in the lower level needs, the ERG areas of Alderfer are simultaneous needs. ERG Theory recognizes that the importance of the three categories may vary for each individual. Managers must recognize that an employee has multiple needs, which must be satisfied simultaneously. According to the ERG theory, if you focus exclusively on one need at a time, this will not effectively motivate. 3. The expectancy theory says that individuals have different sets of goals and can be motivated if they have certain expectations. This theory is about choice, it explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. In organizational behavior study, expectancy theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale School of Management in 1964. Motivation, according to Vroom. boils down to the decision of how much effort to apply in a specific task situation. This choice is based on a two-stage sequence of expectations (effort —> performance and performance —> outcome). First, motivation is affected by an individual’s expectation that a certain level of effort will produce the intended performance goal. For example, if you do not believe increasing the amount of time you spend studying will significantly raise your grade on an exam, you probably wilt not study any harder than usual. Motivation also is influenced by the employeeâ €™s perceived chances of getting various outcomes as a result of accomplishing his or her performance goal. Finally, individuals are motivated to the extent that they value the outcomes received. EXPECTANCY THEORY BELIEFS 1. Valence. Refers to the emotional orientations which people hold with respect to outcomes [rewards]. The depth of the want of an employee for extrinsic [money, promotion, free time, benefits] or intrinsic [satisfaction] rewards. Management must discover what employees appreciate. 2. Expectancy. Employees have different expectations and levels of confidence about what they are capable of doing. Management must discover what resources, training, or supervision the employees need. Facts [+] The 2011 Nielsen survey also showed that the top five dimensions students considered when it comes to seeking employment were high degree of independence at work, salary package, learning on the job, growth prospects and standing of the company in the market [Employer brand] respectively. 3. Instrumentality. The perception of employees whether they will actually receive what they desire, even if it has been promised by a manager. Management must ensure that promises of rewards are fulfilled and that employees are aware of that. Vroom suggests that an employee’s beliefs about Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence interact psychologically. In this way they create a motivational force, such that the employee will act in a way that brings pleasure and avoids pain. This force can be ‘calculated’ via a formula: 4. Adam’s Equity Theory Equity theory, most popularly known as equity theory of motivation, was first developed by John Stacey Adams, a workplace and behavioral psychologist, in 1963. John Stacey Adams proposed that an employee’s motivation is affected by whether the employee believes that their employment benefits/rewards are at least equal to the amount of the effort that they put into their work. Definition of equity An individual will consider that he is treated fairly if he perceives the ratio of his inputs to his outcomes to be equivalent to those around him. Thus, all else being equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (and input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to people they work with. If an employee notices that another person is getting more recognition and rewards for their contributions, even when both have done the same amount and quality of work, it would persuade the employee to be dissatisfied. This dissatisfaction would result in the employee feeling under-appreciated and perhaps worthless. This is in direct contrast with the idea of equity theory, the idea is to have the rewards (outcomes) be directly related with the quality and quantity of the employees contributions (inputs). If both employees were perhaps rewarded the same, it would help the workforce realize that the organization is fair, observant, and appreciative. This can be illustrated by the following equation: Adam’s categorised employment benefits and rewards as outputs and an employee’s work effort as inputs. Input Examples The number of hours worked by the employee An employee’s work responsibilities An employee’s work duties The work commitment demonstrated by the employee An employee’s loyalty An employee’s flexibility such as undertaking tasks at short notice The support that the employee has provided to the organisation, colleagues and line managers Output Examples Salary Bonus Prizes Recognition of the employee’s contribution Positive work appraisals Work promotions Pension Employer flexibility Annual leave Adam’s stated that if an employee believes that their work outputs are not equal or greater than their inputs then the employee will become de-motivated. Adams’ theory includes the assertion that when an employee is assessing whether the outputs they receive are fair the employee will often compare their colleague’s work inputs and outputs with their own. The comparison will often be made with an employee at a similar level in the organisation to the employee. Propositions Equity theory consists of four propositions: Individuals seek to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes are defined as rewards minus costs). Groups can maximize collective rewards by developing accepted systems for equitably apportioning rewards and costs among members. Systems of equity will evolve within groups, and members will attempt to induce other members to accept and adhere to these systems. The only way groups can induce members to equitably behave is by making it more profitable to behave equitably than inequitably. Thus, groups will generally reward members who treat others equitably and generally punish (increase the cost for) members who treat others inequitably. When individuals find themselves participating in inequitable relationships, they become distressed. The more inequitable the relationship, the more distress individuals feel. According to equity theory, both the person who gets â€Å"too much† and the person who gets â€Å"too little† feel distressed. The person who gets too much may feel guilt or shame. The person who gets too little may feel angry or humiliated. Individuals who perceive that they are in an inequitable relationship attempt to eliminate their distress by restoring equity. The greater the inequity, the more distress people feel and the more they try to restore equity. (Walster, Traupmann and Walster, 1978) 5. Acquired Needs Theory: McClelland McClelland proposes that those in top management positions should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. Psychologist David McClelland created Need Theory, a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. McClelland’s Need Theory, created by psychologist David McClelland, is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. People who are achievement-motivated typically prefer to master a task or situation. This motivational need stems from a person’s desire to influence, teach, or encourage others. is a motivational model that attempts to explain how the needs for achievement, power, and affiliation affect the actions of people from a managerial context. It is often taught in classes concerning management or organizational behavior (Figure 1). People who are achievement-motivated typically prefer to master a task or situation. They prefer working on tasks of moderate difficulty, in which the results are based on their effort rather than on luck, and to receive feedback on their work. Those who desire affiliation, however, prefer to spend time creating and maintaining social relationships, enjoy being a part of groups and have a desire to feel loved and accepted. People in this group may not make effective managers because they may worry too much about how others will feel about them. In his theory, people are not placed into categories but rather have degrees of these needs: No one is only in ‘one group†™ of these needs. The balance of needs brings out a profile. Needs do not explain competencies in any area. One can have high needs in one area and still be effective in an area where these needs are not necessarily fulfilled. This motivational need stems from a person’s desire to influence, teach, or encourage others. People in this category enjoy work and place a high value on discipline. The downside to this motivational type is that group goals can become zero-sum in nature. For one person to win, another must lose. However, this can be positively applied to help accomplish group goals and to help others in the group feel competent about their work. McClelland proposes that those in top management positions should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. He also believes that although individuals with a need for achievement can make good managers, they are not suited to being in top management positions. 6. Herzberg’s two-factor theory states that certain factors cause job satisfaction, and a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. According to Herzberg, understanding what causes employee satisfaction and dissatisfaction is important for management. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but â€Å"respect for me as a person† is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. To ensure a satisfied and productive workforce, managers must give attention to both sets of job factors. Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory, also known as the motivation-hygiene theory or intrinsic/extrinsic motivation, concludes that while there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, a separate set of factors can cause dissatisfaction. The factors that motivate people can change over their lifetime, but â€Å"respect for me as a person† is one of the top motivating factors at any stage of life. Figure 1 According to Herzberg, intrinsic motivators such as challenging work, recognition, and responsibility produce employee satisfaction, while extrinsic hygiene factors, including status, job security, salary, and fringe benefits – if absent – produce dissatisfaction. Herzberg’s theory appears to parallel Maslow’s needs hierarchy. Individuals look for the gratification of higher-level psychological needs having to do with achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, and the nature of the work itself. However, Herzberg added a new dimension to this theory, including factors that cause dissatisfaction as well, such as company policies, supervision, technical problems, salary, interpersonal relations on the job, and working conditions. This two-factor model of motivation is based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction, while another and separate set of job characteristics lead to dissatisfaction. Thus, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. If management wishes to increase satisfaction on the job, it should be concerned with the nature of the work itself – the opportunities it presents employees for gaining status, assuming responsibility, and achieving self-realization. If, on the other hand, management wishes to reduce dissatisfaction, then it must focus on the job environment – policies, procedures, supervision, and working conditions. To ensure a satisfied and productive workforce, managers must give attention to both sets of job factors. Examples of Business Goal-Setting Theory Business owners will often set individual goals to motivate employees and reach company objectives. Goals that are hard to reach are often more intriguing, as more work is required to fulfill them. Edwin A. Locke introduced the theoretical approach to setting goals and building motivation, which can be directly applied to a professional setting. In fact, this type of goal-setting theory is one of the more useful motivational theories used in industrial and organizational psychology and management. Clarity and Focus One part of business goal-setting theory is creating clear and focused goals that are obtainable. Having a goal of pulling in $100,000 in business profits within a single year may not be obtainable for a small business owner. A clear and focused goal may be to get $50,000 in profits based on $20,000 in product sales, $10,000 from investments and $20,000 from service sales. A single goal must have a plan to reach the goal, whether it is a monthly plan with mini-goals or a weekly plan for short-term goals. Commitment and Teamwork Employees of a given business may be more committed to a goal if they are a part of setting the goals and deadlines. In addition, a team may also work closer together if they have a mutual goal. Commitment and responsibility to a goal may also increase the motivational level within the business. In addition, each employee may have his own goal, but keep all workers informed of larger goals to ensure continuous commitment and teamwork in a business. Feedback and Progression Another theoretical perspective on setting successful goals in a business environment involves getting feedback from managers and other employees as the work towards the goal progresses. Part of the feedback includes getting clarity on tasks, adjusting the goals or methods, making budgetary changes and getting additional help from managers. This feedback may alter the progression of the goal, so the employee working to reach the goal must be informed of the changes. Complexity and Success A single goal may become overwhelming, especially if the goal is long-term or very complex. Fulfilling these types of goals requires a reasonable time period, including time to learn and practice skills to meet expectations. Meeting a revenue goal may not be reasonable within a single month or quarter, so extending the goal deadline for a reasonable time period may lead to more success. Having a short period of time to fulfill goals may inhibit employees from reaching expectations and may end up failing. Dr. Edwin Locke formulated and clarified what has come to be called â€Å"goal-setting theory† in the 1960s. Since then, businesses have found that employees are more likely to do their best work once they have set clear, attainable goals. Goal-setting theory affects many aspects of your business and once you understand specific applications in each area, you can improve your company in concrete ways. Sponsored Link Small Business Loanswww.captap.com Fund your business today $5k to $15k. Apply now! Clarity To be effective, goals must be clear according to goal-setting theory. Employees must know exactly what they’re supposed to achieve and when. Merely telling an employee to â€Å"do better† does not offer a clear course of action and doesn’t indicate how the employee will know when he has achieved the goal. An example of a clear goal is telling an employee you expect a 10 percent increase in sales in three months. Another example might be asking an employee to produce 15 more units per day over a period of six weeks. Such goals make it clear what the employee is supposed to do and what the deadline is. They allow for objective measurement. Challenge A goal is most effective when it presents a challenge to the employee. According to the article, â€Å"Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation† written by Dr. Edwin Locke and Gary Latham, if a task is too easy or too hard employees will not put in their best efforts. However, a goal that is just difficult enough to be challenging inspires maximum performance. For example, asking a production manager to cut costs by 90 percent might be overwhelming. Cutting costs by 20 percent might make a reasonable challenge. Similarly, requiring order takers to double the amount of orders they take in an hour could discourage them. A goal of 15 percent more orders per hour might be more reasonable and challenging. Commitment Getting employees to buy in to the goals you set makes it more likely they will reach those goals. You can do this by asking employees to participate in setting goals. Their commitment will provide the energy and perseverance that will help them achieve those goals. For example, getting your accounting department to agree to having all of your assets labeled and tracked by the end of the year can give them a sense of purpose and direction that will help them work together and improve their ability to value assets for tax purposes. Feedback You don’t just add goals and then check on their completion at deadline time. If you provide benchmarks along the way, this lets your employees know how they are doing. You can also hold periodic meetings so they can give you feedback about any issues that have arisen and adjustments that have to be made. This two-way feedback approach helps measure progress towards achieving goals and provides encouragement in the face of difficulties. For example, if you want the production department to have 20 percent fewer rejections from the quality-control department in six months, you can meet with them each month to give them their current figure and identify any areas where the problems seem to be occurring. In addition, if you would like a 30 percent improvement in customer service ratings, you can give your customer service department feedback on a weekly or monthly basis to let them know how they’re doing. Task Complexity Complex tasks can be overwhelming. Help your employees break such tasks into smaller parts so that they can achieve smaller goals on their way to the big one. For example, if you want to migrate all the data from one database to another, you can set smaller goals of moving a set number of accounts each week or month. Another example might be that if you want expansion plans for a new facility done in six months, you could set smaller goals of completing an analysis for the financing needed, construction costs and the new personnel that will be required as separate goals to achieve.

American Barrick Resources Corporation Case Essay

a. Explain the value chain for gold mining firms (how can a mine create a competitive advantage relative to its rivals). What are the factors that may explain exceptional performance of ABX relative to the other gold mines? To create a competitive advantage, a mine has to properly manage its exposure to gold price fluctuations. This is not an easy thing to do since there are so many factors to consider: when, how much, and how to hedge the gold production. Firms in this industry differentiate themselves based on the risk management strategies they implement. Furthermore, mines should also be able to minimize the cost of gold production along with making large sunk costs. Operating in this sector obliges the companies to make huge investments to create the proper infrastructure to dig and process the ore; therefore, they should be financially stable on order to afford investing large amount of money. ABX implemented a gold hedging program that quickly became an integral part of its corporate strategy. This strategy helped it to hedge efficiently against gold price fluctuation. Besides, it allowed it to occasionally sell its gold at prices above those of the market. The exceptional performance of ABX was also due to its annual acquisitions. Luck was an important aspect as well, since gold was discovered in most of its new properties. Moreover, American Barrick generated a lot of cash, which it reinvested to finance its growth. It was also able to cut its expenses in order to enhance its growing profitability. The management of American Barrick wanted to diversify its activities by listing the company in Toronto, Montreal, and the United States among others. The top managers were very serious about keeping a financial stability and a liquid balance sheet by issuing few debts and hedging against risk. All in all, American Barrick attracted a lot of investors because of its risk management strategies, expected future growth, strong and liquid balance sheet, and finally its efficient management team. b. Quantify the nature of gold exposure, that is, in the absence of a hedging program using financial instruments, how sensitive would Barrick stock be to gold prices changes? For every 1% change in gold prices, how might its stock price be affected? How could the firm manage its gold price exposure without the use of financial contracts? If American Barrick wanted to protect itself from gold price exposure without the use of financial contracts, it could use natural hedges. One way to hedge against undesired risk is to match cash flows such as revenues and expenses. In other words, a commodity producer such as American Barrick, which has revenues payables in U.S. dollars and incurs cash outflows in a different currency, will try to match its outflows to its expected inflows in the foreign currency. Another way of hedging against risk is the purchase of insurance to protect against financial loss due to external influences. It is also common to hedge gold investments against fluctuations of the U.S. dollar. It is extremely important for commodity traders to know which currency is correlated with what commodity in order to be able to predict certain market movements; for instance, there is often a negative correlation between gold and S&P 500. c. What is the stated intent of ABX’s hedging program? What are the arguments for managing gold price exposure? ABX wanted to lock in the price at which it could sell its output in order to avoid seeing the expected value of its projects fluctuate widely. It wanted to differentiate itself from its competitor by choosing the right hedging policy. ABX aimed at being financially stable by protecting itself against the dips in the gold price. It vehemently argued that managing gold price exposure would allow it appropriately forecast its cash flows, rise its production, and offers its investors a clear vision of their future earnings. d. How would you characterize the evolution of Barrick’s price risk management activities? Are they consistent with the stated policy goals? American Barrick used to use gold financings. Through this way of financing, investors could benefit from both the increase incurred in the volumes of gold to the trust and the gold price. In 1984 and 1985, ABX used forward sales right after a sharp drop in gold prices. This strategy allowed the company to eliminate its exposure to price drops; however, it also limited its opportunities to benefit when the prices rose. This led it to try option-based insurance strategies that could manage the risk but still allow retaining some of the benefits of rising prices. However, as it needed contracts with a longer maturity, ABX shifted to spot deferred contracts. The evolution of Barrick’s risk management activities is characterized by its wish to be fully protected against price declines and still be able to capture benefit from increasin g gold prices. The risk management strategies implemented by American Barrick were consistent with their goals since its positions grew considerably.   e. How should a gold mine which wants to moderate its gold price risk compare hedging strategies (using futures, forwards, gold loans, or spot deferred contracts) with insurance strategies (using options)? On what basis should these decisions be made? Once a firm has decided on either a hedging or an insurance strategy, how should it choose from among specific alternatives? A mine that wants to moderate its gold price risk should first analyse the differences between the hedging and the insurance strategies. Indeed, hedging allows eliminating risk by giving up the potential for gain. While an insurance strategy requires a premium to eliminate risk but allows retaining the potential for gain. The decision should be made based on the cost of the strategy, the maturity of the strategy, and the degree to which the strategy allows to benefit from potential gains. Once a firm has decided on what strategy to follow it should choose among the existing alternatives of each strategy. For the hedging strategy, the company should take into consideration the particularity of each financial instrument. Indeed, forward sales for instance, are usually for relatively short delivery periods of under a few years. However, a continuous drop in gold prices might negatively affect the opportunity for the firm to sell at higher market prices. On the other hand, spot deferred contracts allow having multiple delivery dates. They enable the firm to profit from increases in the price and yet set a minimum price on its sales. For the insurance strategy, the main problem encountered by the firm is that of the cost. Indeed, the firm should use the premiums received from the sale of calls to purchase puts. That way the cash inflows and outflows cancel out. The firm can also reduce the cost of insurance by adjusting the exercise prices and rations of puts and calls to determine the degree at which it chose to participate in gold price rises. f. What is a â€Å"spot deferred contract†? Explain the mechanics of the contract. Is it an option? A forward contract? Why has ABX chosen to rely on spot deferred contracts relative to other gold derivatives? As defined in the case, a spot deferred contract is a type of forward sale of gold. At the opposite of a forward where the delivery is set on specified day (maturity), SDC’s are characterized by multiple delivery dates. It is up to the seller to choose on which rollover date they would make the delivery. The seller has the choice to defer the delivery up until the end of the contract. In other words, the seller had flexibility as to when they would like to deliver the quantity of gold. ABX preferred SDC’s to other gold derivatives for the simple reason that they allowed it to profit from increases in the price of gold and yet set a minimum price on its sales of gold. Therefore, as years have gone by, ABX found itself using more and more SDC’s at the expense of other hedging vehicles.

Technology And Innovation Management Education Essay

My experience enabled me to recognize the extent to which developing e-learning are of import for the employee and the scope of betterments the employees may accomplish in footings of accomplishments enhancement, knowledge sharing and most significantly in footings of beef uping the morale that the staff feels and the ego esteem inducements that makes the employees confident in themselves and execute better and stimulated to demo uninterrupted betterments, in conformity with the aims and marks of the preparation program which is normally designed to fulfill the preparation demands and to make full the accomplishments ‘ spreads. As good, it is deserving to observe that through preparation, the administration can do accent on its vision, ends and aspirations for the following stage, whereas the employees should understand and recognize these basic rules and follow them while implementing the work program, because if the employee think and perform as the administration aspire, it would finally be the highest grade of success. However in contrast, from my experience the decrease and limitation of the preparation chances affect the employees public presentation and productiveness negatively as it makes their morale down and do them disappointed and low-level and they may lose their trueness to their administration, while when put uping me for any preparation class I feel that my supervisors appreciate my work and that they aim to heighten my abilities through preparation Sessionss. I have gained considerable benefits from this class and learnt valuable accomplishments and cognition from the talks throughout this class, it was truly enlightening and constructive constructs and information that we, as station alumnus pupils, need to derive and understand, because it provide us with comprehensive cognition about some constructs that are indispensable for our future calling and that have considerable effects on our public presentation when we return back to our establishments. Through the basic accomplishments of e-learning and preparation I have learnt in this class, I have achieved cognition and go acquainted with the existent and new constructs of e-learning and preparation based work, in this respect, I feel that my ceiling of cognition about work constructs has been expanded and my positions is going more mature than earlier, as the scattered information about e-learning, preparation, work and other constructs I used to cognize without in-depth apprehension ha ve now been good organised by the scientific cognition I gained from this class, and even I feel that this cognition will be enhanced with scientific grounds through farther alteration of literature, research, articles and surveies about the constructs we have learnt in this class. This achieved cognition and constructs have non merely enabled me to understand and larn new thoughts and to enrich my positions, but besides to larn from the others ‘ experiences every bit good as the ways to use this cognition in raising my public presentation and bettering my accomplishments and to retroflex the best practises and successful methods and experiences in my work as a manner of reassigning this cognition to my state and to portion the accomplishments I achieved with my co-workers, which in bend will heighten their capacities and better their productiveness and better the administration. In general, this class was a existent chance for me to better my cognition, heighten my accomplish ments, spread out my ideas and positions and rectify my vision about the feasibleness of the end products of preparation and e-learning. In malice of some troubles we, as abroad pupils, sometimes see such as the linguistic communication jobs, in add-on to other jobs of adaptability that may confront any abroad pupil with the civilization, conditions, communicating, .. etc. as all these troubles in add-on to others affect the pupil ‘s public presentation because it may obstacle the acquisition procedure ; such as the entree to the right books or articles in the library, or even if we find the appropriate books it may go hard to understand everything since English is our 2nd linguistic communication and I used to hold got a stereotypic thought about preparation and e-learning and work construct in general, that inaccurate thoughts made me doubt to understand this class or benefit of its contents. However, we did n't happen any troubles to harmonize with staff member who taught us this class, I personally was really interested and comfy with the manner he delivered the topic and show its contents, because of the si ncere manner he dealt with us until we feel that he is one of us, he was truly successful to pull us to understand and non to experience shame when we do n't understand or necessitate more account, he was acute to present everything to us really easy and swimmingly and was keen to hold each and every one of us understand everything he mentions in the talks, he was besides concerted with us greatly. All these positive effects helped me to acquire familiar with the class and with everything in the academic environment around me, and that provided me strong assurance in myself and enhanced my inclination to larn and promote me to accept the challenge and bridge the cognition spread that I have faced at my earliest phases of my surveies in the United Kingdom, where I was afraid non to be able to execute good in a wholly new academic and societal environment. One of the valuable benefits I achieved from this class is the pattern of squad work. I used to believe that working together in research may restrict my chances to larn and may take to unorganized work, nevertheless, working together with a group of three co-workers was a fantastic experience which taught me that the thoughts of different people can perchance be integrated to reproduce a solid thought, where everybody in the squad has the opportunity to supply his ain part while participate in discoursing the others thoughts and portion cognition with one another. I have enjoyed a batch in the research authorship as a squad where the members of the squad have their different manner of thought and authorship, but we agreed to follow a incorporate and utile method of execution, as such we discussed the work as a whole and commit everyone in the squad to execute a specific undertaking and cod information about certain portion of the topic under survey, while we meet mundane during the research period to discourse what we have carried out and transform the information collected into information utilizing our different diction to come to an agreeable phrasing, with uninterrupted treatment to the thoughts of the squad members whereas, each one of us propose his thoughts and information on the topic and we discuss these thoughts which might sometimes belie one another but after treatment and encephalon storming we normally used to come to accept about these thoughts and hold on how to give voice it and how to show it in our research, the contradiction of the thoughts was go oning as a normal consequence of our different ideas and due to the fact that each one has his ain manner in the preparation of the thoughts, nevertheless, everything used to be sorted out every bit shortly as we sit together and discourse these thoughts. To reason, I am wholly satisfied with the thought of working in group because it provides the chance to portion cognition and integrate thoughts .