Innovation And Technology Management Media Essay

Innovation And Technology Management Media EssayEver since tv tv photographic television photographic photographic tv television photographic television cameras were substantial, it had evolved into umteen different types. This report forget be counselinging on the emolument of different types of camera, from charge to digital utilise by consumers. A hardly a(prenominal)er case studies of camera makers will also be give suckd to set up how inception affects each comp twain.A camera is a r hire that captures roles and the numbers were stored in the device or transmitted to a nonher location. These images may be understood or move images. Still images means photograph period moving images derriere be goggle boxs or movies. The term camera was from the word camera obscura which was an early mechanism used to project images.Camera obscura is an optical device which give the sack project surrounding image on a entomb and used in drawing and for entertainmen t. Camera obscura consists of a quoin with an orifice in angiotensin-converting enzyme side. The debile from an external scene passes with the fixture and strikes a surface inside causing an image of the scene creation reproduced but was turned upside down, with the food colour and perspective existenceness preserved. The image will therefore be projected onto a piece of story and traced which produced a highly accurate representation of the scene.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Camera_obscura_ disaster.jpg/220px-Camera_obscura_box.jpg frame of reference 1 Drawing of camera obscuraA camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It generally consists of an enclosed hol natural depression box with an opening in ace side for external light to pass through and a put down or believe surface for capturing the light at the other side. some of the cameras will have a lens of the eye bei ng placed at the front of the cameras opening which is used to gather the incoming light and boil down all or part of the image to the recording or viewing surface. The sizes of the opening are mostly cont bankrolled by using a stay mechanism but some of them will use a flash-frozen size opening. Most of the cameras today use an electronic image sensor for storing photographs on flash memory. Before that, from the 20th century, photographic enters were usedFor a typical nonetheless camera, it have gots a photo at a beat when the user presses the shutter button unless the user uses continuous fire mode. As for a typical movie camera, it continuously takes 24 ikon frames per arcminute when the shutter is pressed and holds on until the shutter is released. Some movie camera works by pressing the shutter button at one period and the atomic number 42 time will stop it.http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcThEehclSMeXPhA1DEisnDoFw1w5_YCT5-6TFcNfv5q30kXSs-p-g http//t0.gstatic .com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTxh6ovUrXMGAZPP7tlsthvgrJ5jiMvKJD8swHykuo80AdRgOGT enrol 2 digital take oer camera Figure 3 Digital movie cameraUntil today, cameras has evolved from the camera obscura and continued to change through legion(predicate) generations of photographic engineering, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, alter surfaces, film and different types of digital cameras.BackgroundIn the past, camera obscura was used by people for drawing or viewing purposes. In 1827, the prototypic steadfast photograph was do using a sliding wooden box camera which used the concept of camera obscura to build. Although camera obscura was already operable before 1827, there was no way to preserve the images produced by it away from manually tracing the images. The preservation of the images was made possible laterwards the finesse of photographic lapel processes. These preserved images were and then being called as photographs. The earliest cameras were of mode sized, which were able to accommodate one or more than people inside.By Niepces time, the camera engineering science had gradually evolved. Cameras became more compact, making portable take hold cameras which were suitable for photography possible.Although cameras engineering science had been keep improving, a camera in its barest form is lock up simply a light tight container that used a lens with iris, a shutter that has variable speeds and contains a affectionate piece of media. The media is either film or a digital sensor.http//www.photographica.nu/cameracol/dall273.jpgFigure 4 sliding wooden box cameraTypes of camerasCurrently there are different types of camera in the foodstuff.The different types of consumers cameras are as followingDigital camera, a camera that takes video or belt up photographs by recording images on an electronic image sensorremote control camera, a camera placed by a lensman in areas where the photographer generally can non beMovie camera, a type of photographic c amera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film air hole instamatic camera, a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load cameraSingle-lens reflex camera, a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be capturedTwin-lens reflex camera, a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. moving picture camera, a camera used for electronic motion picture attainmentCamera resound, a mobile call up which is able to capture still photographs and videoMirrorless correlative-lens camera, a type of digital system cameras equipped with an interchangeable lens.Technology DevelopmentsFilm CameraWhen the branchly camera was invented, it used an etching which was placed onto a metal plate surface in bitumen and then exposed it to light. The shadowy areas of the engraving will block the light while the whiter areas allowed the light to react with the chemics on the plate . When the metal plate was placed into a solvent, an image will appear. The photograph required eight hours of light moving-picture show to relieve oneself and after appearing, it would soon fade away.In 1839, a more convenient and effective method of photography was developed. Daguerres process fixed the image onto a sheet of silver plated copper. The silver surface was polished and cover in iodine to create a surface that was sensitive to light. The plate was then putted in a camera and exposed for a few minutes. aft(prenominal) the image was painted by light, the plate was bathed in a solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image which would not change even if exposed to light. With this process, daguerreotype cameras were created. The cameras used in the daguerreotype process were made by opticians and instrument makers. The camera had a sliding box conception with lens placed in the front box and a littler box was slid into the back of the larger box. T he focus was controlled by sliding the git box forward or backwards. When the sensitized plate was placed in the camera, the lens cap would be take away to start the exposure.In 1879, the change plate consisting of a glass negative plate with a dry gelatin emulsion was invented. The dry plates could be stored for a period of time. With this dry processes, hand held camera was now possible as it absorbed light very quickly. In 1888 the box camera which uses dry plate was introduced. The box camera was a wooden, lighted tight box with a transparent lens and shutter that was factory filled with film which allows for 100 shots. The photographer pushed the shutter to produce a negative. Once the film was used up, the camera with the film still in it was mailed to the factory where the film was removed from the camera, processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned.In 1889 flexible roll film was invented. The film has a base that was flexible, unbreakable and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base made the deal produced box camera a reality. In the mid-1914, 35 mm camera was invented. The camera used 35 mm roll film which was developed based on the flexible roll films.In the early 1940s, pretext films were brought to the commercialise. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled glosss in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image.In 1948, the premier Polaroid camera was sold to the public. The camera allows the photographer to create an instant photograph.The disposable camera was introduced in 1986. It was a single use camera which allowed the photographer to take photo until the film was used up. After which the photographer will send the film for processing and the camera would be disposed.Digital CameraNeed to group into sub sections of even out and deal (or known as compact digital cameras), Video cams, digital SLR and include ca mera phones here. For each section, show examples through the use of pictures.In 1981, the offshoot consumer camera was produced by Sony. It takes still photographs by recording image on an electronic image sensor. Digital and film cameras appropriated an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image.In 1986, the offset printing sensor used to detect megapixels was invented by Kodak. In the same year, a prototype for an analog electronic SLR camera which was able to store images digitally was created by Nikon.In early 2000, the first digital SLR directed at consumers was released by Fujifilm.In 2008, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera emerged. remote a digital SLR, it does not have a mirror based optical viewfinder.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leica_M9_Framework.jpg/220px-Leica_M9_Framework.jpgFigure 4 Mirrorless interchangeable lens cameraCamera HandphoneIn 2000, the first camera phone was developed by Sharp. The phone had 0.1 megapixels sensor and 256 color display.In 2003, Samsung introduced the first 1 megapixels camera phone. In the same year, Casio introduces the first 2 megapixels phone.In 2004, Samsung introduced the first 3.2 and 5 megapixels phone.In 2005, Samsung introduced the first 7 megapixels phone.In 2006, Samsung introduces the first infrared camera phone and the first 10 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 50% of the world handphone had camera in it.http//c2499022.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/samsung-sch-b600-10-megapixel-cellphone.jpgFigure 5 Samsung 10 megapixels phoneIn 2007, the first 5 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom was introduced by Samsung.In 2008, Digital Imaging Systems announced first 9 megapixels camera phone and Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone.In 2009, Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone with touchscreen and LG souseed the slimmest 8 megapixels camera phon e. In the same year, Samsung also introduced first 12 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom.In 2010, the first 14 megapixels camera phone was introduced by Altek and Sony ericsson introduced the first 16 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 81% of the worlds cell phone had camera in it.In 2012, Nokia introduced the first 41 megapixels camera phone.Nokia 808 PureviewFigure 6 Nokia 41 megapixels camera phoneCases StudiesIntroductionThe purpose of this section is to clearly illustrate that having upright innovation and technology dodge dealment techniques are of paramount importance to sustaining any occupancy.The authors will analyze how major companies such as jurisprudence catch ones breath prosperous in the mart, while also analyzing the fall of a once amplely successful giant in the imagination vexation, Kodak.Case orbit of Kodaks Rise and FallRise of KodakKodak was one of the major leading brands and pioneers of the camera making trade. Founded in 18 80, its rise to dominance of the imaging industry came after its introduction of color films and Instamatic camera to the market in the 1960s.The societys near monopoly of film tradinges continued in the 1970s as sales skyrocketed to a point where it had 90% of film and 85% of camera sales in the unite States of America harmonise to a 2005 case study for Harvard Business School. (http//www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/jan/22/john-naughton-kodak-lessons).Fall of KodakBy the 1980s, the emergence of a serious antagonist in Fujifilm and Kodaks dominance in the US market was undermine after Fujifilm gained a share of the market by offering lower-priced film and supplies as well as adopting very aggressive marketing which included benignant sponsorship rights to be the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, an opportunity which Kodak ironically passed up.During the 1990s, although Kodak tested to carry on itself as a healthy business by diversifying to other areas of bu siness (including aesculapian ,pharmaceutical (http//www.csub.edu/kej/documents/economic_rsch/2012-04-23.pdf),printers for both consumer and commercial use as well as chemical manufacturing.), these businesses were all bought and not developed in-house leading to income being shared (http//www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/01/how-fujifilm-survived).Eventually when sales from film developing and printing went into sharp spurn nearing year 2000,earnings from these additional businesses simply do not scale up to the revenue gained from its plaza business which relied on film.In addition to the higher(prenominal) up, the phylogenesis of digital photography technology and Kodaks own hesitancy of making the modify from film photography to digital photography proved to be one of the major causes of its eventual demise. This is clearly depicted as even though Kodak was a pioneer of digital cameras (Kodak first introduced it in 1975), the product was dropped as there was fear tha t it would threaten its core photographic film business which was hugely successful then.Sales and revenue soon begun to go into a go down with the arrival of the digital age and a change in core business model was made ultimately. Kodak soon introduced a cheat on of digital cameras, inkjet printers as well as became one of the first to launch a photosharing website (www.ofoto.com) between the 1990s and 2000s to cope with the need to transform with the digital age.While efforts were made to transform and keep up with the digital photography, its business model and technology strategy was still flawed as Kodak still revolved around the idea of printing photos.For instance, in spite of being pioneers of photosharing online, Kodaks website merely served as a vessel for providing a service for online parliamentary procedure of prints. (http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-505143_162-57363629/ wherefore-kodak-failed-and-how-to- countermand-the-same-fate/)In addition, the authors observed that d espite innovating in the correct direction enjoying huge success with its line of digital cameras in the early 2000s, Kodak failed to anticipate the dynamics of digital photography and had no alternatives when consumers are no longer interest in photo printing but, sharing photos online in social media websites such as Flickr, Instagram and Facebook.Kodak being overly diversified, adopted the wrong technology strategy and did not exploit and capitalize early on a core digital camera technology Kodak pioneered, while investing heavily in developing technology for taking pictures in mobile phones and other digital devices.As a result, this allowed other companies such as code, Nikon and Sony to overtake and usher in further to produce hugely successful lines of digital cameras which eventually overlook the digital photography market.Furthermore, Kodaks success with digital cameras was short-lived towards 2010 when smartphones technology move on and begun to include powerful came ras which are just as capable as the pocket digital cameras that Kodak was manufacturing.The following figure illustrates how camera phones such as the iPhone have gained a strong basis in the market share of most popular cameras amongst consumers. final resultIn a nut cuticle while aligning our observations to the concepts of technology concern, there were multiple reasons contributing to the declination of the once powerful giant in imaging market, Kodak.But this cannot be attributed entirely to the failure of incorrect technology forecasting or a leave out of innovation. In fact, a report did circulate among the leaders of Kodak personation the eventual permanent shift from film to digital by 2010 in 1979. It can also be observed from the earlier part of this chapter that Kodak was not at a shortage in the area of innovation.Consequently, the authors believe that it was not doing the correct technology road mapping which allowed other brands of digital cameras and camera pho nes to overtake them in the imaging market, leading to its ultimate demise and bankruptcy.This can be broken down into following-The over reliance on a single product for revenue (film)-Lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business-Slow transition from film to digital age-Despite early success, failed to forecast that digital cameras would eventually have low profit margins as more companies entered the market in mid-2000s, along with the emergence of camera phones-Slow transformation from a then overly diversified chemical manufacturer to a company in the main focused on imagingHad Kodak been able to identify and develop technology alternatives before making a better technological enthronization finding such as perhaps investing in SLR technology or social media websites which allows photosharing such as Flickr, Kodak might have been able to avoid their present predicament.This therefore emphasizes the importance of technology road mapping, as not hav ing alternatives for a set product needs within different timeframes can have detrimental effects on businesses overtime.Case study of decreeBackgroundIn this section the authors will analyze how Canon, a company much like Kodak in equipment casualty of innovation and diversification of businesses, manage to still stay as one of the major leaders imaging market while facing the same challenges of having to make the switch from film to digital photography and decline of photo printing.Technology Strategy and omenCanon introduced Japans first invariably 35-mm focal-plane-shutter camera at a time when all high-quality cameras originated form the atomic number 63, in 1935. Immediately after its founding and besides to Kodak, it saw the importance of diversification and acted promptly with the introduction of Japans first validatory X-ray cameras, office equipment (calculators) and notably Japans first plain paper copy machine in 1970.As a result, the company adopted the trouble s logan of cameras in the right hand, business machines in the left and by then the company had already globalized (branches were set up in Europe and New York) success adequatey as exports took up 50 % of the total sales.Unlike Kodak, Canon continued to emphasize on the importance of in-house expertise by unceasing innovation of technology with the aim of becoming the best in all major business areas, be it in imaging (both medical and consumer) or multifunctional copiers technologies. This is achieved through constant innovation efforts such as view up collaboration with Kyoto University in joint research projects.Shortly in 1976, Canon introduced the worlds first SLR with embedded micro-computer (AE-1), delivering powerful performance and along with its good ergonomics, propelled it into worldwide popularity among critic and professional photographers alike, marking the start of its strong foothold in the share of the imaging market besides other authentic majors such as Nikon a nd Sony up till now.Besides being a leader in imaging industry, Canon also invested greatly on innovation in the technology of printers for both business and face-to-face use. Its multifunctional copier division was notably very successful enabling it to hold the highest market share in the industry for the last 2 decades.ConclusionWhile Kodak had started to slip into decline because of its over reliance on film, Canon adopted good technology strategy and demonstrated good technology road mapping by making the best technology investment decisions with focused, continual innovation on camera technology (notably SLRs) and multifunctional copier technology. thus Canon embraced the decline of films, photoprinting and the gradual replacement of compact digital cameras by smartphones through gaining a strong position in market areas of amateur and professional photography with their innovation in digital SLRs. The figure above shows its dominance in digital photography alone with smartp hones.Along with ever changing times, Canon continued to strengthen product competitiveness in major business areas which also includes multifunctional copiers.In conclusion, while Canon had legion(predicate) business areas, Canon were not over-diversified like Kodak and one major discrepancy leading to Canons success in diversification was because of the in-house expertise and technology management Canon had in dedicated business areas, an implication that income would not be shared with other companies as these business areas were not bought.Conclusiontime to come predictions of camera industryGlobal Camera IndustryThe world photographic products market has generated sales of over $55 billion in 2010, according to MarketLine. Cameras are leading the market with a sale close to $35 billion which is more than 60% of the overall market. Growth is expected to be accelerating at a rate of more than 3% every year, rescue the whole market up to over $65 billion by 2015. This consists of cameras, optical instruments, video cameras and other photogenic equipment. Digital photography continues to take over the sales of traditional cameras and films. And this is expected with the upcoming future of the industryMarket OutlookHowever, with technological advances companies will need to continue investing in research and development of new technologies to stay in industrys in the raw edge. There will be demands of new technologies of the consumers.As mentioned previously, Canon embraced the decline of films and photoprinting by the innovation of digital cameras. With online photo sharing/storing websites like Flickr, Google improver or even Facebook, the generation of films and photoprinting is almost over proven by what has happened to Kodak.However smart phone cameras are slowly replacing the digital cameras. (Many often people are taking photos with their iPhone or Samsungs smartphone.) The percentage of photos interpreted with cameras and smartphones are declining and rising individually. Smartphones now have cameras of great qualities and functionalities in terms of programs known as apps and they will slowly continue to eat into the camera market. This has been shown by the appearance of smartphone picture uploading apps or social media like Instagram, Path, Facebook and many others more.But this may not necessarily remove digital cameras alone off the market. With constant technological advances, cameras with high performance capacity will become cheaper to produce. It will become a cycle that what used to be expensive and high-end products becomes the old technology and is cheaper to produce due to the advances. So low end cameras is becoming something with more advanced features.The consumer video camera market too is declining. Consumers are using their smart phones or DSLR to shoot videos. The video camera market will only move in the higher end markets (video producers, film makers) in the near future.ConclusionFrom our case studies above, it shows how Kodak and Canon tried applying technology management in their company to produce advanced product to the consumer market. However economic and social factors too play a part in innovation. By looking at Canon, few reasons why they were successful in the imaging market were because of their constant innovation on SLRs , coupled with the fact they were always targeting the market share of photography hobbyists, both in entry levels and professional level photography.However even though incorporating technology and innovative management into a organization does not tackle 100% success. It depends on many factors such as the society, economic, the current market situation or even any other external factors. Kodak had tried displaying technology and innovation management in the corporation, however they have failed. Their over reliance on a single product for revenue (film), the lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business and their slo w transition from film to digital age these were the few factors that has caused their downfall of today.Our predications for the side by side(p) 10 years- 3D still and moving pictures will become standard in the next 5 years Cameras will have more on-board processing software package that perfects the finalimage without the need for a computer Images to be printed on and saved to wafer-thin electronic paper called e-paper.Recently showcased by LG this flexible, full colour display is the wave of the future,and could be used in so many different products including e-readers. Immediate upload of your image once taken to your favourite internet site withBluetooth connection for camerashttp//www.firstcall-photographic.co.uk/userfiles/file/digital_imaging_1990-2010.pdfFigure 1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscuraFigure 2 3 http//www.sony.comFigure 4 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameraFigure 5 http//www.unwiredview.com/2007/01/09/10-megapixel-samsu ng-sch-b600-phone-nears-worldwide-launch/Figure 6 http//www.nokia.com/global/products/phone/808pureview/specifications/