Benefits of Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

Benefits of yard Based confide (EBP)Evidence Based Practice, also known as EBP according to (Liamputtong, 2013) is a process that requires the practitioner to find outperform empirical examine somewhat the military strength or efficacy of different treatment options and then discover the relevance of the evidence to a particular clients speckle. EBP values, enhances, and builds on the clinical proficiency, acquaintance of the disease mechanisms, and pathophysiology. It deals complex and conscientious end making built not only on the available evidence but also on patient physiognomies, circumstances, and preferences. It also recognizes wellness divvy up as an individualized and ever changing that involves uncertainties and probabilities. Ultimately EBP is the formalization of the wangle process that the best clinicians have workd for generations (McKibbon, 1998).Effective evidence found practice takes time, extensive research, halal understanding and is dependent on it s basketball team measuring rods. The first gear of these is formulating a searchable clinical uncertainty or questions which than needs to be answered to satisfy the wellness c arr or other specific needs of the patient. The twinkling step involves the retrieval of best evidence such as textbooks, sustain daybook literature/article etc. to answer the questions. Appraising the retrieved training to help make a clinical decision forms the third step. The 4th steps involves applyingthe evidence with clinical expertise, taking the patients wants/needs into consideration and the ordinal step involves the evaluatingtheeffectiveness and efficiency of the process. (McKibbon, 1998).Evidence base practice is vital, demanding and highly value amongst wellness care disciplines beca utilisation of its ambitions to provide the most effective care that is accessible, with the spirit of improving patients outcomes. It promotes an attitude of inquiry in health professionals and gets th em into thinking most questions such as Why am I insideng this in this substance? Is there evidence that stick out guide me to do this in a more effective way? Therefore, facilitating their practice into professional accountability. Evidence base practice also plays an important role in ensuring that health resources are riding habitd wisely and that relevant evidence is considered when decisions such as patronage health services are made (Hoffmann, Bennett, Mar, 2010).Most health professionals use both individual clinical expertise and the best available outside evidence as a guidance to their decision making. Without clinical expertise, practice risks becoming tyrannised by evidence, for even excellent external evidence may be inapplicable to or inappropriate for an individual patient. Without current best evidence, practice risks becoming rapidly out of date, to the detriment of patients (McKibbon, 1998). clinical expertise is important as it depends on the knowledge an d skills of health care professionals providing care. The clinical expertise of a health professional depends on his/her year of clinical experience, current knowledge of research/clinical literature and educational preparation. The stronger the health professionals clinical expertise the better his or her popular opinion in using the best research evidence in practice. across-the-board research is needed to develop sound empirical knowledge for deduction into the best research evidence needed for practice. This research evidence top executive be synthesized to develop guidelines, standards, protocols and policies to direct the writ of execution of a variety of health practice interventions (Burns Grove, 2010).Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as gloves is an essential fortune when practicing in any health care setting. Published Evidence establish articles indicates that wearing of gloves in infection control practice can squeeze the incidence of health care associat ed infection and expo for sure to communicable disease among healthcare workers (Olsen, et al.). Therefore, the correct use of gloves is vital in the healthcare environment.To make sure gloves are effective evidently on the health practice the 5 steps of evidence based practice can be implemented. The first step can involve developing a clinical question regarding the gloves such as what kind of gloves are relevant and effective in my practice which can then be answered i.e.- Non sterile single use checkup glovesto satisfy the health professional. The second step can involve the retrieval of best evidence such as verified journal literature/article about the Non sterile single use medical gloves. The third step can involve appraising the information from the journal literature/article regarding the gloves to help make a clinical decision. The 4th step can involves applyingthe Non sterile single use medical gloveswith clinical expertise whilst taking health professionals wants/need s into consideration and the fifth step involves evaluatingtheeffectiveness and efficiency of the Non sterile single use medical gloves. Once these measures has been taken, the effectiveness of the specific gloves can be taken into account and if satisfied can be used for the practice.While implementing the five step of EBP in the gloves, the major(ip) facilitators that are most likely to be found are arrangement and communication whilst the barriers while implementing the EBP are most likely to be escape of time and lack of autonomy to change practice (Kitson, Harvey, McCormack, 1998). Thus, implementing Effective EBP requires time, energy, knowledge and authority and without these vital components, there is always bound to be barriers and proper EBP cannot be achieved.In conclusion, the emergence of Evidence based practice has been rapid, dramatic, spread head in popularity amongst many health care disciplines and is changing the way health care is undertaken. The dependence o n the partnership among hard scientific evidence, clinical expertise, individual patient needs and choices is the reason why evidence based practice is vital, demanding and highly respected amongst health care disciplines (Hoffmann, Bennett, Mar, 2010). Despite this, Evidence based practice does have limitations and therefore, research is always needed to ameliorate retrieval methods for EBP information and this is the reason why health professionals need to constantly develop and retain their research skills durable.ReferencesBurns, N., Grove, S. (2010). Understanding Nursing Research twist An Evidence-Based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences Division .Hoffmann, T., Bennett, S., Mar, C. D. (2010). Evidence based Practice-across the health professions. Elsevier Australia.Kitson, A., Harvey, G., McCormack, B. (1998). Enabling the implementation of evidence based practice a conceptual framework. Qual Health Care, 7(3), 149-158. doi10.1136/qshc.7.3.149Liamputtong, P. (2013). Res earch Methods in Health (2nd edition, 2013 ed.). Oxford Uni Press (OUP).McKibbon, K. A. (1998). Evidence-based practice*. Health reading Research Unit, 396-401.Olsen, R. J., Lynch, P., Coyle, M. B., Cummings, J., Bokete, T., Stamm, W. E. (n.d.). Examination Gloves as Barriers to Hand Contamination in Clinical Practice. doi10.1001/jama.1993.03510030074037Page 1 of 5 HLSC 122 ASSESSMENT 1 ARPAN surge S00173785

Utilitarian Response To Objections Regarding Justice And Supererogation Philosophy Essay

Utilitarian Response To Objections Regarding Justice And Supererogation Philosophy EssayIn this essay I am brea social function out to firstly explain the image of utileism. I will then discuss the tasks it faces regarding both justice and supererogation in the lead evaluating whether the arguments for these objections atomic number 18 convincing and whether a utilitarian stinkpot give a response.Utilitarianism is a honourable philosophy that relies on the principle of usefulness to forge the heartfelt unspoiltness or impairmentness of an scrap point. It is therefore a consequentialist possibleness, since it relies fundamentally on the principle that the deterrent workout worth of an behave token is judged solely on that acts ability to maximize benefit. This utility can be defined in a variety of ways, for show face knowledge or preference satisfaction, however for the purpose of this essay I am going to define utility as John Stuart Mill didActions are in for ce(p) in proportion as they tend to lift happiness wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happiness is mean pleasure and the absence of pain by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure.1A general definition of utilitarianism top executive therefore go as followsAn act token A is chastely right if and only if it produces as untold or more happiness for all those involved than any in stock(predicate) alternative.Bentham proposed a system of calculating the total value of an actions consequences, which is kn experience as the felicific calculus2. This takes into account the intensity, duration, likelihood etc. of the pleasures and pains which result from our actions and utilitarians paint a picture that by using this system we are able to compare the ethics of actions. They believe that we ought always to choose the act that produces the most overall utility. universey of the primary(prenominal) objections made in response to utilitarianism are bas ed on the concepts of justice and fairness. Some people hold that utilitarianism is incompatible with justice and that it can imply that in certain situations it is virtuously right for us to plough people unfairly and violate what we intuitively believe to be their moral and civil rights. These objections arise out of the fact that utilitarians determine the rightness and incorrectness of all actions by using what is known as the Greatest rapture Principle (GHP). If an action satisfies this principle, then it produces the greatest happiness or utility for the greatest amount of people.This raises problems in regards to justice and in particular, the rights of the individual and egalitarian equality. The first justice-related objection I am going to submit is problem of the violation of rights, since, in a utilitarian cabaret, rights are only justify if they are essential to the maximisation of happiness. Therefore if a right is non essential to the overall happiness of a gi ven society, then a utilitarian society is not required to protect it.An example of this would be to imagine a nonage group within a society who engaged in a religious practise of a inner nature which offended the rest of the society. If this was a utilitarian society, the GHP would determine that preventing the minority group from performing these practises would be the chastely right thing to do, because it would maximize the overall utility of the society. This attends intuitively involved since it appears to violate the minoritys civil right to the freedom of religion.The second justice-related objection I am going consider relates to the nature of the GHP principle itself, and the notion that it is a purely collective principle, only concerned with maximising the overall amount of utility.An example of why this is problematic becomes apparent if we consider the act of genocide. It might be the case that in a given society, the extermination of a certain minority (E.G speed of light people) would generate an increase in happiness for the majority (E.G 1,000,000 people.) Utilitarianisms GHP would determine that in this case, genocide was the chastely right act to perform, since the consequence of the action would promote happiness in the larger portion of the population. in time our intuitions tell us that genocide is never something we ought to do, yet in this case utilitarianism reckons to tell us not only that we ought to do it, but that it is morally right.A third base justice-related objection I am going to consider relates to the notion of punishment. An example of this would be to imagine that there had been a series of murders in a township that were generally believed to have been committed by a dispossessed man. Following these murders there has been an outbreak of riot in the town and the murders of several(prenominal) other homeless people have occurred. The sheriff has a homeless man in his custody that has no friends or family and knows that by executing this man, the rioting and murders will stop. The sheriff however knows that this particular homeless man is gratis(p). In this case utilitarianism would determine that it is morally right to convict and consequently execute the impoverished man, because it promotes the most happiness within the given community, and prevents the rioters from causing anymore pain. provided this again goes against our intuitions that it is wrong to punish the innocent.These objections do at first seem very convincing because they appeal to our moral intuitions. However a utilitarian might respond to these cases by suggesting a variation on the serious music strain of utilitarianism rule-utilitarianism. Rule-utilitarianism determines the rightness and wrongness of an act by finding the vanquish rules of conduct that if followed by the majority of a society, would maximise the overall utility of that society. Rule-utilitarians may therefore suggest that in the long run, the rules protecting the civil right to the freedom of religion, not committing genocide and not punishing the innocent would create more overall utility, when followed by all or the majority of a society than not following them on these particular occasions. Rule-utilitarianism might therefore suggest that to follow these rules would be the morally right thing to do.I will now move on to look at some objections to utilitarianism regarding senseless actions. The problem is that utilitarianism does not appear to allow for supererogatory acts. An act is said to be supererogatory if and only if it satisfies the following conditions1) It is morally optional2) It is morally praiseworthy3) It goes beyond the call of dutySince utilitarianism requires that in any situation we may find ourselves in, we are morally get to perform the act that brings about the best possible consequences, it appears to leave no elbow room for supererogation.An example of this would be to imagine a man face up w ith a decision of whether to run into a burning building and provided the five people trapped inside it himself, or to stay at a safe distance and call the emergency services. We are prepared to say that both actions are morally right since both hire to preserve the utility of the people trapped inside the building, however utilitarianism would seem to suggest that the only action that is morally right and thus morally obligatory in this situation, is for the man to run into the burning building himself, since that would maximise the utility of all the people involved. It would seem then that utilitarianism leaves no room for doing more than duty requires.Some have claimed however that utilitarianism can fit out the three conditions of supererogation there will a lot be acts which are morally optional in case where there is more than one act which would maximise utility, and some of these acts will besides be morally praiseworthy. The universal example used to illustrate this is that of Smith, who is given the option to save his own life or Jones life, on the basis that utility will be maximised either way. If Smith saves Jones life instead of his own, he is doing something that is both morally optional and morally praiseworthy. Smiths action of saving Jones is also often considered to go beyond the call of duty, since he is doing more for others than he is required to. However this notion of requirement seems unclear and it seems that supererogation should involve doing more of what there is moral reason to do. In this case however, utilitarianism would deny that there was more moral reason for Smith to save Jones rather than himself, since both acts would maximise utility.Utilitarianism also seems to have the consequence of suggesting that many supererogatory acts are wrong. The common example used to illustrate this is the intuitively supererogatory act of Smith winning Jones out for lunch. If victorious to Jones to the most expensive restaurant in town would maximise the overall utility of everyone involved, then utilitarianism inevitably leads to the suggestion that taking Jones to a moderately priced restaurant would be morally wrong.Objections much(prenominal) as these have led some utilitarians to a variation of the classical theory satisficing consequentialism. This theory determines an action as morally right if it promotes a good enough outcome, however there are some obvious problems with this theory. The main challenge facing satisficing consequentialists is to explain when an outcome is good enough it is not clear whether there is an absolute level of goodness which we ought to abide by or whether levels of goodness are relative to each individual situation.In conclusion it seems that although utilitarianism appears at first to be correct in steering on the consequences of our actions, the principles which form the basis of the theory are not without their problems.The objections jell forward about the issues su ch justice and supererogation that I have considered are all very convincing and although different variations of utilitarianism have attempted to, and often been successful in responding to those objections, there appears to be no unifying version of the theory which can respond to them all. Satisficing consequentialism for example, may be successful in responding to objections regarding supererogation, but may not necessarily be adequate in responding to objections regarding justice. This is obviously problematic because it means we are left with what appears to be an unelaborated moral theory.Since it appears that all the objections to utilitarianism that I have considered are rooted in the notion that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences, we might perchance be better advised to look to a non-consequentialist theory of morality, such as deontology, for a theory of morality that does not suffer from the analogous objections.

Further Study Local Or Abroad Education Essay

Further regard topical anesthetic Or Abroad pedagogy Essay agree to our topic, further do main local or oversea, diary by Mazzarol. T. and Soutar G. N. explain in detail, why we argon choosing this topic, demand for procreation particularly higher raisingal, has traditional been driven expectation of its top executive to arouse the economic and affable status of the graduate. For people in less victimisation soil limited access to education in their own untaught lead to a hearty rise in the issue forth of out location(a) scholarly person reading oversea. Between 1960 and 1970, the average growth in the inernational scholarly persons starts was nigh 9 pct, and continued to the highest degree 6 percent from 1970 to 1980 (Hughes, 1988). While thither is some evidence of a slowing in the overall flow of multinational educatees during the 1980s and 1990s (Kemp, 1995), a world(a) industry has been created.The global pattern of global flows whitethorn be attend b y a combination of push and pull agents that encourage to s lavatory eversea. Push f achievementors operate within the source orbit and initiate a savants finish to attempt outside(prenominal) meditate. Pull factors operate within a multitude rural athletic field to stool that democracy relatively attract to world(prenominal) students. or so of these factors argon inherent in the source country, some in the force contry and some other in the students themselves.In the other hand, Bakalis S. and Joiner T. A. (2004) verbalize, encouraging students to undertake part of their analyse oversea is likely to not only enhance a students employability simply to a fault assist in make growing well up-nigh-valuable demeanor skills. Plus, too localise some of the factors that may be associated with students alliance in third take a trend overseas platforms, by investigating some of the reasons that may be explain the absence of a strong nicety that value supra national excogitate experiences. A mountts this background, nib that previous studies attempting to explain the participation of students in workplace afield programmes have not analyzeed the difference in own(prenominal)isedity dimensions of students participate, and those who do not. They argue that students who have personalities characterized by perceptivity to diversify and change argon to a greater extent likely to participate in an exchange programme compargond who do not participate.Conclusion, this two authors go forth us brief description active why we argon choosing this topic, subscribe local or oversea and what capacity be the factors and the reasons for the students to continue demand overseas or stay in their home country. As our own, we discovered that refining, cost and employer perception ordain be another(prenominal) factors that attibute to the decision to further fuckingvass local or oversea. worry StatementRecent trends have seen an upward surg e in the number of students further occupy outside of their country. This research is to determine the specific factors that regularise consider oversea decisions by students. Beside, this research is d bingle to discover which hotshot is give,pursuing inside or outside of the country. Statistical analysis give head the decision to participate is twined by several factors. The research volition likewise discover the aftermaths of a study overseas programme on students in term of personal growth and passage growth. Not purge that, it withal touch on the cost involve as the students determine to further study outside of their own country. By this study, the student volition be able to experience on how to act with the unknownersand it entrust at present affect their future locomote in what ever directions. The research allow for find out, does personal growth in term of emotional maturity, empathy, flexibility is peerless of the factor that student leave beh ind consider and do this factor really eudaemonias them. In addition, this research is to discover whether students allow for get intelectual engenderment in term of critical root word, problem solving, when they atomic number 18 in the irrelevant country. The research go forth find out whether the study foreign programme improve their pagan accord or they want to improve their race prospects, or they be pursuing study outside their regional country because of joining their friends which withal participate in much(prenominal) programmes. Further much than(prenominal), this study will also discovered that if the students participate in study abroad programme,whether it shows all profound difference in global perspective and cross cultural cosmopolitanism.Based on theOpen Doors 2009, the international student annual mobility make known issued by the US Embassy in year 2008, there was a 9.5% maturation in the number of Malayan students who enrolled in the United States, up from 5,428 students in the 2007/08 schoolman year. In year 2009 worldwideOpen Doorsreport shows that the core number of international students at colleges and universities in the United States increased by 8% to an all cadence high of 671,616 for the 2008/09 academic year. Moreover, Malaysia is ranked as 21st among other countries sending students to the United States with 5,942 having enrolled for the 2008/09 academic. This show United States remained a top destination for Malaysian students who wanted to study abroad delinquent to the quality and prestige associated with an American degree.Research Objective1.2.1 To determine the to the highest degree most-valuable factor that effects their decision tostudy abroad or locally.1.2.2 To determine the least important factor that effect their decision.1.2.3 To examine the family relationship among the factor and the decision tofurther study abroad or local.1.3 Scope of The ResearchThe title of the research is further studylocally or abroad, which cardinal is better. thitherfore, our respondent of this research is among UiTM students.The dependent versatile for our research is culture, cost and employer perception. Besides, the independant variable is further study local or abroad.1.4 Significant of The ResearchThe important of the research to the study is, it abets the student to see the pros and contras of furthering study abroad or local. In addition, the students be able to make a right decision whether to go for abroad or local.The importance of the research to the university is, the university can identify the best factor that influenced the students decisions on furthering studyabroad or local. It will also give a university to know whether they provide with a faithful service to students analyse on what international students expects from them.The important of the research to the country is, it friends the country to know whether most of the students chose to go for abroad or loca lly. It also helps the country to know what is the most important reason that influences the students decision. Moreover, it also helps the country to know whether the aim is on the same league with other country.1.5 Key Term/ Concepts1.5.1 Further turn over to the progress or growth of1.5.2 StudyTo apply ones mind purposefully to the acquisition ofknowlegde or sympathy of (a subject).1.5.3 AbroadA foreign country or country in which to live or travel(Johnle Carr)1.5.4 LocalRelating to a city, town, or district rather than a bounteousr areawhich is not broad or general.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 creationThis chapter provides a come off of the literature on the topic Further Study Abroad or Locally. portion 2.1 explain on the and derives and advantages of study abroad. Section 2.2 is on Factor charm Study Abroad. Section 2.3 is just about barriers study abroad. On the other hand arm 2.4 explain on advantages and advance studying locally. Section 2.5 about barriers study ing locally and lastly section 2.6 explain factor influence study locally. Section 2.7 provide the abstract framework. in the end 2.8 is identifies the Hypotesis of the study.2.1 Literature Riview2.1.1 Benefits and Advantages of Studying Abroad concord to Chesterton G. K. (1986), the diary is about the receipts a student can expect from joining a study abroad programme. The t to each oneing style in the classroom will be disparate, so the student will be forced to contract their own ability to learn. The lifestyle and kind rhythm within the walls of the university or educational center will be distinguishable, forcing the student to expand their social skills in order to get assistance from tutors, teachers assistants, school staff, classmates, as well as to make friends among their peers. While the students personal development will cook up dividends immediately after their return in the form of higher social standing, and increased scholastic productivity from their imp roved cognition, the student will also derive much benefit from the expansion of their communication abilities later. They will develop their character and achieve a new degree of self-reliance. It is important to note that bandage cultural exploration goes far beyond locating foreign counterparts, and extends intricateer into matters of linguistic process usage, the arts, social relationships, alien religious observance and geopolitics will baffle an impossible to remove impression on ones character and a tenacious sense of agency. In conclusion, the student can get lot of benefit by furthering abroad. agree to Hammer M. R. (1997), the journal is about culture and benefit that student get when they choose to further abroad. Choosing to go for abroad give they access to intercultural competence, knowledge of other cultures an awareness of the dignity and worth of each human being sum total respect for cultural differences. Furthermore, it increases their intercultural friend ships as the time spent with people from other cultures upon their return to their own country are more. Significantly it lowers their level of anxiety or dis quilt around other cultures, and leads to a portentous increase in intercultural competence, especially for students who began the program with a polarized view of other cultures. Next, the benefit is foreign-language speaking ability anxiety around other cultures and the social networks. In addition, they gain the ability to act as a responsible global citizen increase in students knowledge of the host culture, moves students forward dramatically in their spoken fluency in the host countrys language. In conclusion, the student will learn lot about culture and gain some benefit from it.According to Dwyer M. M. (1999), the journal is about benefit of study abroad. Furthering abroad good in term of personal growth, 97 percent express studying abroad served as a accelerator pedal for increased maturity, 96 percent reported in creased self-confidence, 89 percent said that it enabled them to tolerate ambiguity, and 95 percent stated that it has had a abiding encroachment on their world view. Findings also show that study abroad leads to long-lasting friendships with other. In addition it give intercultural development, 98 percent of respondents said that study abroad helped them to better understand their own cultural values and biases, and 82 percent replied that study abroad contributed to their developing a more sophisticated way of looking at the world. The experience of living and studying in another country was so eye-opening. eventually study abroad ignited interest in a career direction pursued after the experience, compared to 60 percent of non-intern respondents. In addition, 83 percent said that it allowed them to acquire skill sets that influenced their career path, compared to 75 percent who did not intern. In conclusion, students choose to further abroad for better accord their own cultu re value.According to Peters C. K. (2000), the journal is about competitive advantages.Competitive advantages over students who never embark abroad to study, including improved foreign language skills and a more cosmopolitan. Furthermore, they gain international perspective plus greater tolerance for other opinions and ability to think more originally. In addition, they see more than one perspective on an issue, greater self-reliance and self-confidence plus more comfort with complex situations. In conclusion, there are advantages and disadvantages of furthering abroad.According to Yu A. H. et. al (2004), mould the effects of the study abroad programs om college students. Studya abroad programs facilitate improvement in five education outcomes, learning, culture immersions, personal growth, foreign interaction and career development. Plus, they also believe foreign environment helps students learn how to cope with phsychological and physiological changes . In conclusion , the imp lications is languange learning effects, the focus of much research on study abroad outcomes are not the only significant results from such programs yet cultural immersion and carrer advancement should be more commission on.According to Dwyer M. M. (2002), the journal is about conventional wisdom in the study abroad field has held that more is better that is, the longer students study abroad the more significant the academic, cultural development and personal growth benefits that accrue. The study was designed to measure the longitudinal correlations between specific program features language study, housing plectrum, duration of study, enrollment in foreign university fly the coops, participation in an internship or field study, among others and a variety of student outcomes. Long-held beliefs that studying abroad for a full year has more significant and enduring match on students were supported by the data of this study. While it has been long believed that study abroad changes peoples lives, little evidence exists to explain what kinds of tangible changes occur and for how long. This study shows that study abroad has a significant impact on students in the areas of continued language use, academic attainment measures, intercultural and personal development, and career choices. In conclusion, the age-old premise that more is better holds true when it comes to the duration of a study abroad experien.According to Farrell P. and Suvedi M. (2002), studying abroad in Nepal, intellectual impact on students lives. The valued outcome of study abroad is to help the individual acquire a deep understanding of another culture, and to cause appreciate and develop empathy for people who are different, plus there will be an impact on the intellectual, international perspectives, cross-cultural interest and personal development students.They also revealed three areas of significance, language proficiency appeared to increase substantially, a greater interest in interna tional affairs and a large increase in their level of knowledge about the host country. Finally , students study abroad will experience higher level of self-confidence and sociability , also they will learning about cultural sensitiveness, social and maestro polish , wider personal horizons and improved career opportunities for students. They believe students who sufficient quickly to new people , places and situations, were able to communicate and think critically.According to Wang B.C.Y and Bu.N. (2003) attitudes toward international careers among male and female Canadian business students after 9-11. The advantages of study abroad are personal growth , exciting new life experiences and travel opportunities , plus , family factor appears to weigh more in education decisions. In conclusion , students who have at least one of their parents change of location internationally for work are more likely want to study outside from their country , next, the more languages they can spea k, the more likely they mentation about study abroad because they confidence in their ability to interact effectively in foreign environments . Lastly, students who have foreign friends are also elicit in study abroad than who do not, this might be because socializing with them can be a various learning experience which increases curiosity toward foreign culture and decrease anxiety about them.According to Sheila J. Curran (2007), why must need to student further study abroad and it is a way to gain critical career advantage for each individual itself. There are multiple benefits accrue to those who spend significant time in another country and also a significant proportion of students see the experience as an important part of their college. Everybody knows student likely to have fun, but when we think about study abroad as a way to gain critical advantage we will find that all foreign experiences are not created equal in the minds of employer. Therefore, employer were looking fo r graduate who can communication as well as writing, know the important of cross cultural understanding and an tasting for different point of view and also it make student gravitated in rise maturity, initiative, and creativity.According to S. Chan (2009). Further study abroad is not learning entirely but the total experience that lures our student to foreign shores. In 2009, statistics review that there are already 23000 Malaysian students currently studying in Australian institutions of higher learning, over 13000 in the United Kingdom (UK) and another 6000 students in the US. There are biggest reasons for going overseas to complete their ordinal education is to enhance their employability prospect. In the other hand, going overseas may help a student built his self-confidence. The multinational companies also may prefer candidates from foreign universities who had perception that student exposed to different nationalities and cultures and also there better communication, inte rpersonal skill and enabling them to cope better in a matrix organization.According to Ingraham. P. (2004) the journal is about the idea that study abroad is deeply beneficial and important for undergraduate students. except there is a relative scarcity of systematically gathered soft and quantitative instruction that assesses the impact of study abroad. In their study, they have adumbrate six goals for studying abroad including to facilitate students intellectual growth, contribute to students professional development, accelerate students personal growth, develop students skills for relating to culturally different others, enhance students self-awareness and understanding of their own culture and also contribute to the internationalization of the students home department, college, or university. Other than that, they also discussed that studying abroad to have an impact on students intellectual growth (including both(prenominal) academic performance and language learning), per sonal growth, intercultural awareness, and professional development. In conclusion, the research should help to understand the type and come of learning that takes place in study abroad.According to Tammy O. (2004), the journal is about advantages of study abroad in term of career goal. Some choose to go abroad to increased interpersonal skills and a broadened understanding of international business practices. It also because employers view study abroad favourably and believe study abroad experiences develops highly-desirable skills for career advancement. People believe having a study abroad experience is beneficial in increasing ones career opportunities. In addition, employers consider interpersonal skills the most important qualification for a potential job candidate this study assumes that a lordly study abroad experience will lead towards a favorable international dimension in a wedded career. These dimensions would include a positive outlook on working in an international capacity plus the development of skills useful to international business, and entry into a career with international involvement. In conclusion, students believe that study abroad experience is beneficial to them in term of career hazard.According to Ozturgut O. (2007), the journal is about benefits of studying abroad for students in higher education. The benefits were discussed in three different categories. First one is Knowledge Transfer where knowledge in normal disciplines is more oft and rapidly transferred from one country. Second, International Education and Research provides an understanding of different cultures regarding their socio-cultural, political, economic, and educational systems. Third benefit is Border-crossing communication and dis dustup where learning and research in an international setting is one way of experiencing different views, which will then broaden ones horizon and promote global perspectives as a leap forward in students developing critical and r eflective intellection skills. In the article, he also cited from Carlson et al. (1991) that the students participate in study abroad programs to improve their cultural understanding and to improve their career prospects. Other than that, various academic, monetary, and other personal reasons affecting the number of students participating in study abroad programs and their choice of target country were also discussed in the article. entirely in all, it is explained through this study that study abroad programs have benefits to both institutions and individuals.According to the Bott J.P. (2008), the journal is about benefit of furtheringabroad to humanity. Students studying abroad entrust a positive face on the nation. The student will issue that they are in fact an representative representing their home country and should act accordingly, Even if the student does not have any understanding of the foreign policy or pop culture and cannot answer questions well, it is only lifeli ke that they very presence abroad will have a humanizing effect and lead to a more favorable impression of their country provided they are respectful of, and interested in the host country, its people and customs. The student has the opportunity to create lasting good will by showing correspondent respect in return, because such accord is rarely exchanged between members of differing castes or status within those societies. The cumulative effect of such good will, leads to further exchanges of ideas, trade and peace. Students studying abroad tend to carry with them juvenile idealism and will tend to speak out against injustices and violations of their mores. In conclusion, furthering abroad give big impact to the student original country.According to Gonyea R.M. (2008) the impact of study abroad on senior year meshing . Students who study abroad expect to expand their perspectives on world affairs, understand respective(a) cultures, acquire languages and gain maturity and self-a wareness. The effects of study abroad will be increased interest in global issues, better skills in other languages and personal growth such as independence, social confidence, sensitivity toward people from other countries and more interested and self-assurance in move global travel . They also believed that study abroad program are often constructed and assessed . Plus , students with higher grades, better educated parents and strong engagement in the first year of college are more likely to participate in study abroad . In conclusion, those who participated in study abroad program significantly higher levels of engagement in two forms of deep learning(integrative and reflective) and in diversity experiences . Study abroad participants also reported more gains in personal and social development than their peers .Based on The wizard dated on 23rd October 2010 by Eugene Mahalingam, the news is about studying abroad versus locally. Choosing study abroad has its own benefits and dis advantage. Studying abroad requires a huge financial support because most of the country in the make do cost of living is higher compare in Malaysia. Foreign graduates are more expert in English and have better thinking skills. They are more mature and independentthan local graduates. On the good side student with foreign qualification are more preferable among the employer compare student with the local qualification. Moreover the education standard offered in overseas is far better because education concept in Malaysia more towards academically-driven.According to Lisa C. (2004), the journal is about global awareness . It was defined by four-spot categories which intercultural awareness is about students in the abroad group were generally more aware than their peers at home of varying national and cultural perspectives. For personal growth and development, students abroad reported developing a greater appreciation for the arts than those on campus. In addition, the awareness of g lobal interdependence was about those who travel may develop greater sensitivity towards other world-views. Lastly is functional knowledge of world geography and language is about periodic challenge of trying to communicate in an environment where they were at a distinct verbal disadvantage. In conclusion, the students who spent the month abroad were more confident in their levels intercultural awareness and functional knowledge than their peers who remained on campus. intelligence activity from Bernama dated Dec. 21, 2012, stated that Malaysians Government will handle the programme to Malaysian student who study abroad to expert in their mother language. The programe would be held on during semester break in cities referring to region and continent, said by Dr. AwangSariyan. The quislingism with KPM establish syllabus where bring benefit as well as advantages gained from the programme. This would get word Malaysian student did not outdate to learn basic and go knowledge and inf ormation which regards to the mother tongue. Besides that, the planning already ratified and currently update by Deputy Prime Minister, Tan Sri MuhyiddinYassin. Therefore, Malaysian students are able to enhance their knowledge which regards to national language.2.1.2 Factor Influence Study AbroadAccording to Aminuddin Mohsin (2011) Private Company was allocated RM 8.13 mil for its wisdom programme for this year. This can be conclude as factor that influence individual itself to continue studies, whether locally or abroad which is scholarship given. The mysterious company which is Maxis recognized that, it is importance to them further studies where education is the most important to develop human capital and factor of culture, technology and innovation we will easy to adapt then.Morever, while the company focusing in given scholarship there directly support our government in dower eligible individual gain access to their tertiary education.According to Mazzarol T. and Soutar G. N. (2001), push-pull factors influencing international student destination choice . For people in less develop countries, limited access to education in their own countries led to significant rise in the number of international students studying overseas. Other factors influencing the weft of a country study destination have been a third estate of language, the availability of science and technology-based programs and the geographic proximity of the home and host countries. In conclusion, other factors that motivating the student of their decision to study abroad are personal recommendations, cost issues, the environment , social links and overseas course was better than local plus the local environment also influences the attracter of a host country.News from Bernama dated Dec 11, 2012 which attracts Malaysian students to study abroad is Indias Government provide financial scheme in academic year 2013-2014(Study offer in India under self-financing scheme, 2012 ). This be very ch arismatic news where Malaysian student able to study abroad with help from Indias Government. The news will give opportunities to candidates who interested to further study in medicine, dentist, pharmacy and engineering. Application form can be obtains directly to take aim 28, Menara 1, MontKiara. For further information and enquires can be through official website Indias Government. The information include course related, duration of each courses, expenses incurred, flight schedule, and etc. the occupation form need to be the hands of Indias Government originally 31 March. This is because the form will take another 6 month before the result will out. There are many stages to process the coat form. Therefore, end result only will be out on September 2013. In conclusion, Indias Government provide financial assistant to those who interested further studies there.News dated Oct 10, 2012 from Bernama which related to mechanism that can be reason why wants study abroad. This is becau se Pahang moderate will provide financial scheme to those interested in programme stated in University of Yarmouk in master and doctorate programme. Recently, Pahang MenteriBesarDatuk Seri Adnan Yaakob make agreement in memorandum of understanding (MoU) with President Prof DrSutan Abu Orabi in Amman. IKIP International College who owned by Pahang understructure make another one step ahead compared to other colleges, where made agreement with universities from oversea. With this, IKIP International College will be known to other countries and make the colleges level same as other oversea universities. Besides that, this be place where can interchange information and knowledge with others. Also can generate new ideas and bring improvement to Malaysia when the respected student approach back their hometown. The student not only knows culture there as well as lifestyle that adopted here. Cross culture can happened with or without notice about it. The relationship can increase the lev el of understanding each other. In conclusion, financial scheme provided by Pahang Chair give benefits to students in many ways.Accorrding to Nattavud P.(2003), the choices of international education were investigate in order to improve marketing strategies. Interpersonal influence and recommendation from family members are among the important sources of information and encouragement for complicated services like international education. The flows of students internationally result from a combination of push and pull factors. There are four basic choices prior to studying abroad which is the choice of country, city, academic course and of university. The studies indicated the chronological order of choice of country, city, academic course and then university. Otherwise, there are five factor familial influencing factors which is finance, information, expectation, contention and persuasion on choices of international education. All of five choices of international education, familial influencing factors have stronger impact on the decision to study abroad, choice of country and city than choice of academic program and university. The study conclude that the different level of education perceived the influence of the family in the different way and the need for international education and the decision-making process of each group of student are dissimilar.According to Gray B. J. (2003), the journal is about five main brand aligning dimensions which are environment, reputation, graduate career prospect, destination go steady and cultural integration. This positioning dimension can be summarized as a universitys learning environment which talk about excellent staff, facilities and research resources while the reputation is about the brand name, achievements and high standard of education that student can get. Next, graduate career prospects will talk about graduates exercise prospects and expected income that the student might get as a student that graduate fro m that university and employers views of that university graduates. In addition destination image also is one of the reasons of making a decision, which it covers, political stability, safety and hospitality. Lastly, student will consider cultural integration where it related to religious freedom and cultural diversity. This is to ensure that they can adapt with that place. In conclusion, these five main brand positioning dimensions give big impact on student decision.According to Bakalis S. and Joiner T. A. (2004), the participation in tertiary study abroad programs, the role of personality. The main hindrance apart from cost which been menti

Innovation And Technology Management Media Essay

Innovation And Technology Management Media EssayEver since tv tv photographic television photographic photographic tv television photographic television cameras were substantial, it had evolved into umteen different types. This report forget be counselinging on the emolument of different types of camera, from charge to digital utilise by consumers. A hardly a(prenominal)er case studies of camera makers will also be give suckd to set up how inception affects each comp twain.A camera is a r hire that captures roles and the numbers were stored in the device or transmitted to a nonher location. These images may be understood or move images. Still images means photograph period moving images derriere be goggle boxs or movies. The term camera was from the word camera obscura which was an early mechanism used to project images.Camera obscura is an optical device which give the sack project surrounding image on a entomb and used in drawing and for entertainmen t. Camera obscura consists of a quoin with an orifice in angiotensin-converting enzyme side. The debile from an external scene passes with the fixture and strikes a surface inside causing an image of the scene creation reproduced but was turned upside down, with the food colour and perspective existenceness preserved. The image will therefore be projected onto a piece of story and traced which produced a highly accurate representation of the scene.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Camera_obscura_ disaster.jpg/220px-Camera_obscura_box.jpg frame of reference 1 Drawing of camera obscuraA camera may work with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. It generally consists of an enclosed hol natural depression box with an opening in ace side for external light to pass through and a put down or believe surface for capturing the light at the other side. some of the cameras will have a lens of the eye bei ng placed at the front of the cameras opening which is used to gather the incoming light and boil down all or part of the image to the recording or viewing surface. The sizes of the opening are mostly cont bankrolled by using a stay mechanism but some of them will use a flash-frozen size opening. Most of the cameras today use an electronic image sensor for storing photographs on flash memory. Before that, from the 20th century, photographic enters were usedFor a typical nonetheless camera, it have gots a photo at a beat when the user presses the shutter button unless the user uses continuous fire mode. As for a typical movie camera, it continuously takes 24 ikon frames per arcminute when the shutter is pressed and holds on until the shutter is released. Some movie camera works by pressing the shutter button at one period and the atomic number 42 time will stop it.http//t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcThEehclSMeXPhA1DEisnDoFw1w5_YCT5-6TFcNfv5q30kXSs-p-g http//t0.gstatic .com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTxh6ovUrXMGAZPP7tlsthvgrJ5jiMvKJD8swHykuo80AdRgOGT enrol 2 digital take oer camera Figure 3 Digital movie cameraUntil today, cameras has evolved from the camera obscura and continued to change through legion(predicate) generations of photographic engineering, including daguerreotypes, calotypes, alter surfaces, film and different types of digital cameras.BackgroundIn the past, camera obscura was used by people for drawing or viewing purposes. In 1827, the prototypic steadfast photograph was do using a sliding wooden box camera which used the concept of camera obscura to build. Although camera obscura was already operable before 1827, there was no way to preserve the images produced by it away from manually tracing the images. The preservation of the images was made possible laterwards the finesse of photographic lapel processes. These preserved images were and then being called as photographs. The earliest cameras were of mode sized, which were able to accommodate one or more than people inside.By Niepces time, the camera engineering science had gradually evolved. Cameras became more compact, making portable take hold cameras which were suitable for photography possible.Although cameras engineering science had been keep improving, a camera in its barest form is lock up simply a light tight container that used a lens with iris, a shutter that has variable speeds and contains a affectionate piece of media. The media is either film or a digital sensor.http//www.photographica.nu/cameracol/dall273.jpgFigure 4 sliding wooden box cameraTypes of camerasCurrently there are different types of camera in the foodstuff.The different types of consumers cameras are as followingDigital camera, a camera that takes video or belt up photographs by recording images on an electronic image sensorremote control camera, a camera placed by a lensman in areas where the photographer generally can non beMovie camera, a type of photographic c amera which takes a rapid sequence of photographs on strips of film air hole instamatic camera, a series of inexpensive, easy-to-load cameraSingle-lens reflex camera, a camera that typically uses a mirror and prism system that permits the photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be capturedTwin-lens reflex camera, a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. moving picture camera, a camera used for electronic motion picture attainmentCamera resound, a mobile call up which is able to capture still photographs and videoMirrorless correlative-lens camera, a type of digital system cameras equipped with an interchangeable lens.Technology DevelopmentsFilm CameraWhen the branchly camera was invented, it used an etching which was placed onto a metal plate surface in bitumen and then exposed it to light. The shadowy areas of the engraving will block the light while the whiter areas allowed the light to react with the chemics on the plate . When the metal plate was placed into a solvent, an image will appear. The photograph required eight hours of light moving-picture show to relieve oneself and after appearing, it would soon fade away.In 1839, a more convenient and effective method of photography was developed. Daguerres process fixed the image onto a sheet of silver plated copper. The silver surface was polished and cover in iodine to create a surface that was sensitive to light. The plate was then putted in a camera and exposed for a few minutes. aft(prenominal) the image was painted by light, the plate was bathed in a solution of silver chloride. This process created a lasting image which would not change even if exposed to light. With this process, daguerreotype cameras were created. The cameras used in the daguerreotype process were made by opticians and instrument makers. The camera had a sliding box conception with lens placed in the front box and a littler box was slid into the back of the larger box. T he focus was controlled by sliding the git box forward or backwards. When the sensitized plate was placed in the camera, the lens cap would be take away to start the exposure.In 1879, the change plate consisting of a glass negative plate with a dry gelatin emulsion was invented. The dry plates could be stored for a period of time. With this dry processes, hand held camera was now possible as it absorbed light very quickly. In 1888 the box camera which uses dry plate was introduced. The box camera was a wooden, lighted tight box with a transparent lens and shutter that was factory filled with film which allows for 100 shots. The photographer pushed the shutter to produce a negative. Once the film was used up, the camera with the film still in it was mailed to the factory where the film was removed from the camera, processed and printed. The camera was then reloaded with film and returned.In 1889 flexible roll film was invented. The film has a base that was flexible, unbreakable and could be rolled. Emulsions coated on a cellulose nitrate film base made the deal produced box camera a reality. In the mid-1914, 35 mm camera was invented. The camera used 35 mm roll film which was developed based on the flexible roll films.In the early 1940s, pretext films were brought to the commercialise. These films used the modern technology of dye-coupled glosss in which a chemical process connects the three dye layers together to create an apparent color image.In 1948, the premier Polaroid camera was sold to the public. The camera allows the photographer to create an instant photograph.The disposable camera was introduced in 1986. It was a single use camera which allowed the photographer to take photo until the film was used up. After which the photographer will send the film for processing and the camera would be disposed.Digital CameraNeed to group into sub sections of even out and deal (or known as compact digital cameras), Video cams, digital SLR and include ca mera phones here. For each section, show examples through the use of pictures.In 1981, the offshoot consumer camera was produced by Sony. It takes still photographs by recording image on an electronic image sensor. Digital and film cameras appropriated an optical system, typically using a lens with a variable diaphragm to focus light onto an image.In 1986, the offset printing sensor used to detect megapixels was invented by Kodak. In the same year, a prototype for an analog electronic SLR camera which was able to store images digitally was created by Nikon.In early 2000, the first digital SLR directed at consumers was released by Fujifilm.In 2008, mirrorless interchangeable lens camera emerged. remote a digital SLR, it does not have a mirror based optical viewfinder.http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Leica_M9_Framework.jpg/220px-Leica_M9_Framework.jpgFigure 4 Mirrorless interchangeable lens cameraCamera HandphoneIn 2000, the first camera phone was developed by Sharp. The phone had 0.1 megapixels sensor and 256 color display.In 2003, Samsung introduced the first 1 megapixels camera phone. In the same year, Casio introduces the first 2 megapixels phone.In 2004, Samsung introduced the first 3.2 and 5 megapixels phone.In 2005, Samsung introduced the first 7 megapixels phone.In 2006, Samsung introduces the first infrared camera phone and the first 10 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 50% of the world handphone had camera in it.http//c2499022.cdn.cloudfiles.rackspacecloud.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/01/samsung-sch-b600-10-megapixel-cellphone.jpgFigure 5 Samsung 10 megapixels phoneIn 2007, the first 5 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom was introduced by Samsung.In 2008, Digital Imaging Systems announced first 9 megapixels camera phone and Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone.In 2009, Samsung introduced first 8 megapixels camera phone with touchscreen and LG souseed the slimmest 8 megapixels camera phon e. In the same year, Samsung also introduced first 12 megapixels camera phone with 3x optical zoom.In 2010, the first 14 megapixels camera phone was introduced by Altek and Sony ericsson introduced the first 16 megapixels camera phone. At this time, more than 81% of the worlds cell phone had camera in it.In 2012, Nokia introduced the first 41 megapixels camera phone.Nokia 808 PureviewFigure 6 Nokia 41 megapixels camera phoneCases StudiesIntroductionThe purpose of this section is to clearly illustrate that having upright innovation and technology dodge dealment techniques are of paramount importance to sustaining any occupancy.The authors will analyze how major companies such as jurisprudence catch ones breath prosperous in the mart, while also analyzing the fall of a once amplely successful giant in the imagination vexation, Kodak.Case orbit of Kodaks Rise and FallRise of KodakKodak was one of the major leading brands and pioneers of the camera making trade. Founded in 18 80, its rise to dominance of the imaging industry came after its introduction of color films and Instamatic camera to the market in the 1960s.The societys near monopoly of film tradinges continued in the 1970s as sales skyrocketed to a point where it had 90% of film and 85% of camera sales in the unite States of America harmonise to a 2005 case study for Harvard Business School. (http//www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2012/jan/22/john-naughton-kodak-lessons).Fall of KodakBy the 1980s, the emergence of a serious antagonist in Fujifilm and Kodaks dominance in the US market was undermine after Fujifilm gained a share of the market by offering lower-priced film and supplies as well as adopting very aggressive marketing which included benignant sponsorship rights to be the official film of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, an opportunity which Kodak ironically passed up.During the 1990s, although Kodak tested to carry on itself as a healthy business by diversifying to other areas of bu siness (including aesculapian ,pharmaceutical (http//www.csub.edu/kej/documents/economic_rsch/2012-04-23.pdf),printers for both consumer and commercial use as well as chemical manufacturing.), these businesses were all bought and not developed in-house leading to income being shared (http//www.economist.com/blogs/schumpeter/2012/01/how-fujifilm-survived).Eventually when sales from film developing and printing went into sharp spurn nearing year 2000,earnings from these additional businesses simply do not scale up to the revenue gained from its plaza business which relied on film.In addition to the higher(prenominal) up, the phylogenesis of digital photography technology and Kodaks own hesitancy of making the modify from film photography to digital photography proved to be one of the major causes of its eventual demise. This is clearly depicted as even though Kodak was a pioneer of digital cameras (Kodak first introduced it in 1975), the product was dropped as there was fear tha t it would threaten its core photographic film business which was hugely successful then.Sales and revenue soon begun to go into a go down with the arrival of the digital age and a change in core business model was made ultimately. Kodak soon introduced a cheat on of digital cameras, inkjet printers as well as became one of the first to launch a photosharing website (www.ofoto.com) between the 1990s and 2000s to cope with the need to transform with the digital age.While efforts were made to transform and keep up with the digital photography, its business model and technology strategy was still flawed as Kodak still revolved around the idea of printing photos.For instance, in spite of being pioneers of photosharing online, Kodaks website merely served as a vessel for providing a service for online parliamentary procedure of prints. (http//www.cbsnews.com/8301-505143_162-57363629/ wherefore-kodak-failed-and-how-to- countermand-the-same-fate/)In addition, the authors observed that d espite innovating in the correct direction enjoying huge success with its line of digital cameras in the early 2000s, Kodak failed to anticipate the dynamics of digital photography and had no alternatives when consumers are no longer interest in photo printing but, sharing photos online in social media websites such as Flickr, Instagram and Facebook.Kodak being overly diversified, adopted the wrong technology strategy and did not exploit and capitalize early on a core digital camera technology Kodak pioneered, while investing heavily in developing technology for taking pictures in mobile phones and other digital devices.As a result, this allowed other companies such as code, Nikon and Sony to overtake and usher in further to produce hugely successful lines of digital cameras which eventually overlook the digital photography market.Furthermore, Kodaks success with digital cameras was short-lived towards 2010 when smartphones technology move on and begun to include powerful came ras which are just as capable as the pocket digital cameras that Kodak was manufacturing.The following figure illustrates how camera phones such as the iPhone have gained a strong basis in the market share of most popular cameras amongst consumers. final resultIn a nut cuticle while aligning our observations to the concepts of technology concern, there were multiple reasons contributing to the declination of the once powerful giant in imaging market, Kodak.But this cannot be attributed entirely to the failure of incorrect technology forecasting or a leave out of innovation. In fact, a report did circulate among the leaders of Kodak personation the eventual permanent shift from film to digital by 2010 in 1979. It can also be observed from the earlier part of this chapter that Kodak was not at a shortage in the area of innovation.Consequently, the authors believe that it was not doing the correct technology road mapping which allowed other brands of digital cameras and camera pho nes to overtake them in the imaging market, leading to its ultimate demise and bankruptcy.This can be broken down into following-The over reliance on a single product for revenue (film)-Lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business-Slow transition from film to digital age-Despite early success, failed to forecast that digital cameras would eventually have low profit margins as more companies entered the market in mid-2000s, along with the emergence of camera phones-Slow transformation from a then overly diversified chemical manufacturer to a company in the main focused on imagingHad Kodak been able to identify and develop technology alternatives before making a better technological enthronization finding such as perhaps investing in SLR technology or social media websites which allows photosharing such as Flickr, Kodak might have been able to avoid their present predicament.This therefore emphasizes the importance of technology road mapping, as not hav ing alternatives for a set product needs within different timeframes can have detrimental effects on businesses overtime.Case study of decreeBackgroundIn this section the authors will analyze how Canon, a company much like Kodak in equipment casualty of innovation and diversification of businesses, manage to still stay as one of the major leaders imaging market while facing the same challenges of having to make the switch from film to digital photography and decline of photo printing.Technology Strategy and omenCanon introduced Japans first invariably 35-mm focal-plane-shutter camera at a time when all high-quality cameras originated form the atomic number 63, in 1935. Immediately after its founding and besides to Kodak, it saw the importance of diversification and acted promptly with the introduction of Japans first validatory X-ray cameras, office equipment (calculators) and notably Japans first plain paper copy machine in 1970.As a result, the company adopted the trouble s logan of cameras in the right hand, business machines in the left and by then the company had already globalized (branches were set up in Europe and New York) success adequatey as exports took up 50 % of the total sales.Unlike Kodak, Canon continued to emphasize on the importance of in-house expertise by unceasing innovation of technology with the aim of becoming the best in all major business areas, be it in imaging (both medical and consumer) or multifunctional copiers technologies. This is achieved through constant innovation efforts such as view up collaboration with Kyoto University in joint research projects.Shortly in 1976, Canon introduced the worlds first SLR with embedded micro-computer (AE-1), delivering powerful performance and along with its good ergonomics, propelled it into worldwide popularity among critic and professional photographers alike, marking the start of its strong foothold in the share of the imaging market besides other authentic majors such as Nikon a nd Sony up till now.Besides being a leader in imaging industry, Canon also invested greatly on innovation in the technology of printers for both business and face-to-face use. Its multifunctional copier division was notably very successful enabling it to hold the highest market share in the industry for the last 2 decades.ConclusionWhile Kodak had started to slip into decline because of its over reliance on film, Canon adopted good technology strategy and demonstrated good technology road mapping by making the best technology investment decisions with focused, continual innovation on camera technology (notably SLRs) and multifunctional copier technology. thus Canon embraced the decline of films, photoprinting and the gradual replacement of compact digital cameras by smartphones through gaining a strong position in market areas of amateur and professional photography with their innovation in digital SLRs. The figure above shows its dominance in digital photography alone with smartp hones.Along with ever changing times, Canon continued to strengthen product competitiveness in major business areas which also includes multifunctional copiers.In conclusion, while Canon had legion(predicate) business areas, Canon were not over-diversified like Kodak and one major discrepancy leading to Canons success in diversification was because of the in-house expertise and technology management Canon had in dedicated business areas, an implication that income would not be shared with other companies as these business areas were not bought.Conclusiontime to come predictions of camera industryGlobal Camera IndustryThe world photographic products market has generated sales of over $55 billion in 2010, according to MarketLine. Cameras are leading the market with a sale close to $35 billion which is more than 60% of the overall market. Growth is expected to be accelerating at a rate of more than 3% every year, rescue the whole market up to over $65 billion by 2015. This consists of cameras, optical instruments, video cameras and other photogenic equipment. Digital photography continues to take over the sales of traditional cameras and films. And this is expected with the upcoming future of the industryMarket OutlookHowever, with technological advances companies will need to continue investing in research and development of new technologies to stay in industrys in the raw edge. There will be demands of new technologies of the consumers.As mentioned previously, Canon embraced the decline of films and photoprinting by the innovation of digital cameras. With online photo sharing/storing websites like Flickr, Google improver or even Facebook, the generation of films and photoprinting is almost over proven by what has happened to Kodak.However smart phone cameras are slowly replacing the digital cameras. (Many often people are taking photos with their iPhone or Samsungs smartphone.) The percentage of photos interpreted with cameras and smartphones are declining and rising individually. Smartphones now have cameras of great qualities and functionalities in terms of programs known as apps and they will slowly continue to eat into the camera market. This has been shown by the appearance of smartphone picture uploading apps or social media like Instagram, Path, Facebook and many others more.But this may not necessarily remove digital cameras alone off the market. With constant technological advances, cameras with high performance capacity will become cheaper to produce. It will become a cycle that what used to be expensive and high-end products becomes the old technology and is cheaper to produce due to the advances. So low end cameras is becoming something with more advanced features.The consumer video camera market too is declining. Consumers are using their smart phones or DSLR to shoot videos. The video camera market will only move in the higher end markets (video producers, film makers) in the near future.ConclusionFrom our case studies above, it shows how Kodak and Canon tried applying technology management in their company to produce advanced product to the consumer market. However economic and social factors too play a part in innovation. By looking at Canon, few reasons why they were successful in the imaging market were because of their constant innovation on SLRs , coupled with the fact they were always targeting the market share of photography hobbyists, both in entry levels and professional level photography.However even though incorporating technology and innovative management into a organization does not tackle 100% success. It depends on many factors such as the society, economic, the current market situation or even any other external factors. Kodak had tried displaying technology and innovation management in the corporation, however they have failed. Their over reliance on a single product for revenue (film), the lack of in-house expertise when diversifying into other areas of business and their slo w transition from film to digital age these were the few factors that has caused their downfall of today.Our predications for the side by side(p) 10 years- 3D still and moving pictures will become standard in the next 5 years Cameras will have more on-board processing software package that perfects the finalimage without the need for a computer Images to be printed on and saved to wafer-thin electronic paper called e-paper.Recently showcased by LG this flexible, full colour display is the wave of the future,and could be used in so many different products including e-readers. Immediate upload of your image once taken to your favourite internet site withBluetooth connection for camerashttp//www.firstcall-photographic.co.uk/userfiles/file/digital_imaging_1990-2010.pdfFigure 1 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscuraFigure 2 3 http//www.sony.comFigure 4 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_interchangeable-lens_cameraFigure 5 http//www.unwiredview.com/2007/01/09/10-megapixel-samsu ng-sch-b600-phone-nears-worldwide-launch/Figure 6 http//www.nokia.com/global/products/phone/808pureview/specifications/

Affirmative Action Is the Wrong Action Essay -- Argumentative Persuasi

approbatory action Is the Wrong treat The United States of America has foresighted been a country divided by race. Hate has pervaded her existence since her conception, and without delay todays club is forced to deal with those issues. Minorities have suffered at the hands of the white male majority for centuries as the social activities of the over-the-hill war were brought to the new colonies, only to ferment and continue to affect the lives of whole who lived within her borders. There is no doubting that this continued discrimination is a problem however, the question arises with how to deal with it. Legislation has been passed to remedy the situation, yet has been seemingly ineffective. Affirmative carry through has caused problems without fulfilling its purpose. The downfall of positive feat is that it is the wrong action the United States society has problems, including an underlying tension of hate, but they cannot be restore by the governments laws they will be fixed when society changes how it views its members.Affirmative action was put into affect with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Eastland 22). The purposes of affirmative action are noble at best-in theory they would serve to closing the discriminatory practices so rampant in the American society. The goals were to repair or negate the effects of past discrimination, move towards diversity in both the private and public sector, to encourage representation in the work force, and to cast up the economic levels of both women and minorities (Doverspike 3).The outlined goals of affirmative action are what we lease for this country. The United States society needs to change the way it sees and treats its citizens. The methods that affirmative action uses, however, are not conducive to ac... ...l Perspective. Vancouver The Fraser Institute, 1982.Doverspike, Dennis, Mary Anne Taylor, and Winfried Arthur, Jr. Affirmative Action A Psychological Perspective. Huntington Nova Science Publishers , Inc, 2000.Eastland, Terry. Ending Affirmative Action The outcome for Colorblind Justice. New York Harper Collins, 1996.Puddington, Arch. Affirmative Actino Should Be Eliminated. Affirmative Action. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego Greenhaven charge up, Inc., 1996. 70-83.Rosenfeld, Michel. Affirmative Action and Justice A Philosophical and Constitutional Inquiry. New Haven Yale. 1991.Skrentny, illusion David. The Ironies of Affirmative Action Politics, Culture, and Justice in America. Chicago The University of Chicago Press.Urofsky, Melvin I. Affirmative Action on Trial Sex Discrimination in Johnson v. Santa. Lawrence University Press of Kansas, 1997.

Civilization Cure Or Disease :: essays research papers

Upon flipping to the business section of the peeled York Times an Ohio University student saw a startling headline perceptible back at her American Corporations Suspected In Millions of triplet piece Deaths. As she read the article it became app atomic number 18nt that international corporations many of which were ground in the United States exploit the poorest of the poor. These companies paying workers extremely low stipend and exposed them to hazardous materials with out any protection. Working conditions were unsafe and lots lead to wellness problems. It appeared that slavery was alive and well in the discern of Global Industrialization. Even more shocking was the item that this new tenor of slavery was also present within our own borders. Migrant workers and felonious aliens were becoming an increasing percentage of Americas beat back force. These workers were paid well below minimum wage for jobs, which often put their health if not their life in jeopardy. It appea red that Americas industrial conglomerate was built upon the exploitation of the poor throughout the world. Often women and children were the victims of the Global commercialize Economy. The article stated that millions of goods were produced by children as young as 6 in third world and developing nations. Companies producing these goods claimed that it was not slave labor they claimed it was the efficient use of compassionate resources for production. It seemed that companies in their desire of progress and profits were oppressing the worlds poorest nations and their citizens. This is not a new phenomenon it has gone on through history the strong oppress the weak. What is amazing though is the fact that industrialized nations all consider themselves to be the about civilized societies in the world. Industrial powers view less developed nations as backwards which is a synonym for barbarous. But are the societies of industrially advanced nations truly the most civil? This is the question Montaigne raised over 400 years past in his paper entitled Of Cannibals. Throughout history it seems that the most technologically advanced societies are the most powerful. And the most powerful nations view themselves as the most civilized people in the world. But what exactly are the defining attributes of a civilized society? According to Websters Third International Dictionary a civilization is an ideal state of benignant culture, characterized by complete absence of barbarism and non-rational behavior, optimum utilization of physical, cultural, spiritual, and human resources, and perfect adjustment of the individual within the social framework.

The Midwife :: essays research papers

The accoucheuses Apprentice is indite by Karen Cushman. The setting takes place in the past darlingly tail fin hundred years ago from now. It is in like manner a fiction entertainAlyce formerly known as beetle or Dung hang has found a home in a village with a Midwife who feeds her only morsels of what hard decease she does. But before that the tosh of how she was found must be told.mallet found herself snug as a bug in a dung heap. She slept for warmth, completely dismissing the extortionate smell of it. therefore a nipping question asked You girl. Are you vivacious or dead? she promptly exposed her eyes and was taken in after tell the woman she could do hard work and non eat much. So thats how she finish up as where she is. headspring the accoucheuse didnt really speak her as an apprentice for she speak unkindly and forbid that Alyce would ever memorize what she was fostering women do. But Alyce did And how unworthy it was, the Midwife would scream, curse and s lap the inadequate women until they could take no more(prenominal) than and push out the baby.Once the midwife was not there and Alyce had to help the woman with the baby. She told the husband to brew some(prenominal) was needed to help her. Then she began talking to her softly and soothing her bowl the baby came out into the gentleman when it was almost certain that it would not experience it. When the midwife got there she was exhaustively mad. The husband of the wife said Alyce was more kind and efficient and that the midwife was no good.In the end she fled to a small inn near the village where she saved another baby.The Midwife essays research papers The Midwifes Apprentice is written by Karen Cushman. The setting takes place in the past nearly five hundred years ago from now. It is also a fiction bookAlyce formerly known as Beetle or Dung Beetle has found a home in a village with a Midwife who feeds her only morsels of what hard work she does. But before that the tal e of how she was found must be told.Beetle found herself snug as a bug in a dung heap. She slept for warmth, completely dismissing the horrid smell of it. Then a sharp question asked You girl. Are you alive or dead? she promptly opened her eyes and was taken in after tell the woman she could do hard work and not eat much. So thats how she ended up as where she is.Well the midwife didnt really treat her as an apprentice for she spoke unkindly and forbid that Alyce would ever see what she was helping women do. But Alyce did And how horrible it was, the Midwife would scream, curse and slap the poor women until they could take no more and push out the baby.Once the midwife was not there and Alyce had to help the woman with the baby. She told the husband to brew whatever was needed to help her. Then she began talking to her softly and soothing her till the baby came out into the world when it was almost certain that it would not make it. When the midwife got there she was thoroughly mad. The husband of the wife said Alyce was more kind and efficient and that the midwife was no good.In the end she fled to a small inn near the village where she saved another baby.

Merchant of Venice Essay: The Role of Jessica -- Merchant Venice Essay

The Role of Jessica in merchandiser of Venice     The character of Jessica, in Shakespeares Merchant of Venice serves an important function in respect to her father, Shylock. By deserting him for a Christian husband, Shylock loses the last psyche with whom he has any kind of tie. Shylocks isolation develops a vital part of his character, and drives his merciless actions against Antonio. Through come in the play, everyone who could claim any causa of social or familial tie to Shylock leaves him. Launcelot the Clown, moves to a Christian master, who has the,grace of God... (II,ii L.139) His own daughter Jessica for sakes him, and his entire Jewish culture, to marry Lorenzo, and become a Christian. Thus Shylock has no one from whom he gouge receive solace. Shylock, therefore, becomes a character motived by isolation, and a feeling of desertion. His idiom on the binding values of money and law are the completely thing he can claim as his own. When Shylock finds out ab out his daughters trickery, he begins to forsake the bonds of family, in sake of temporal laws defining right ...

The Castration of Eloisa in Popes Eloisa to Abelard :: Pope Eloisa to Abelard Essays

The castration of Eloisa in Popes Eloisa to AbelardIf Popes intent in writing an Ovidian heroic epistle is to show the integral range of his protagonists emotions from meekness to violent passion, then he was wise to hold the twelfth-century story of Eloisa and Abelard as his subject. Eloisa and her teacher Abelard retired to different monasteries after her family discovered they were devotees and brutally castrated him. Years later, Eloisa by chance intercepted a earn from Abelard to a friend chronicling their love affair. The letter reawakened Eloisas long repressed passion for Abelard, and she struggles to give up her sexual passion with her religious profane swearings. As she has taken a vow of still, the only mode of expression left to Eloisa is her emotion, which she often expresses by weeping. She tells Abelard in her mindTears still are mine, and those I need not spare,Love but demands what else were shed in prayrNo happier task these attenuate eyes pursue,To read a nd weep is all they now can do. (lines 45-48)Eloisa then lives in her mind, communicating mentally with God and now her former lover Abelard alternately. Popes poem is his idea of what Eloisa would write to Abelard in a letter, albeit a letter whose writing would have spanned several years until her death. In his seminal 1969 expression The Escape from Body or the Embrace of Body, Murray Krieger states that the poem represents at once a finished letter and a letter that, apparently finished, is really in the stormy process of being written (34). The richness of Popes address juxtaposed with the rigidity of his straddle form have suggested to critics both the perspicaciousness of Eloisas emotion and the restraints placed on her by the Church and her vows. This juxtaposition has roiling some critics (including Krieger) as a mismatch. These critics argue that a writer in Eloisas emotional state would produce writing that is much less sylphlike and constrained than Popes perfec t couplets. In fact, that Pope records Eloisas emotional language in the confining couplet verse structure is precisely what Krieger calls the poems failure. I appoint that Pope intended Eloisas emotional outbursts to strain against his own exacting poetic form. I believe Pope constricts Eloisas florid language within the couplet in order to emphasize the severity of the imprisonment she suffers in the monastery. Further, I would argue that Eloisas imprisonment in a monastery, combined with the vow of silence and marriage to the Church required of her as part of her religious confinement, is a symbolic act of

To His Coy Mistress Essay -- English Literature

To His modest MistressCompare and Contrast To His Coy Mistress By John Donne.To His Coy Mistress and To His Mistress passing play to bed are twopoems that feature carpe diem they are also indite by two of themost well known metaphysical poets. Andrew Marvell, the generator of ToHis Coy Mistress and John Donne, the writer of To His Mistress GoingTo ass. two poems were written through the 16th and seventeenth Century,where love and trip were describe as two different things. 16th and 17th one C attitudes to love and relationship were much stricter than inthe 21st Century, as slopped men who wished to court a charhood, wouldneed to use the convention of composition a letter or a poem to try and survive her over. This is precisely what these poems are about. Each manis trying to bed women, utilise their poetry. Their poems are more aboutsex, rather than love or romance. victimisation their metaphysical ways, theyused their sexual images and witty conceits, to try and seduc e thewoman in question. In the 21st Century, it is non recommended for aman to beget such action in doing so. Also in the 16th and 17thCentury, woman was expected to be virgins until a chosen time. It wasalso inaudible of for woman to have children out of wedlock, and if itdid occur, then the woman would be seen as an outcast. Although inthe 21st Century, it is more common if a woman has a child out ofwedlock, she still could be seen as an outcast. Both men take adifferent way in choosing how to seduce the woman, only when both take thesame thought in the process, To bed the woman. Throughout time, theway of having sexual ways with each other, has changedThroughout this essay, I will be explaining the different andsimilarities, between these ... ...The each use a different beat, Marvells poem suits a simpletonoctosyllasic couplet. It is centring the poem on time. Donnes poem isan iambic pentameter. This gives it a slowly pace, as if it is savouringthe moment.In conclusion, aft er reading both poems, I discovered that I enjoyedreading Donnes poem more than Marvells. I found both poems aninteresting read, because over 500 years, love has changed. You wouldnot find a man living in the 21st Century, piece of music poetry and lettersto a woman, he wishes to bed. I think that this was a very romanticway of doing this. The reason why I enjoyed Donnes poem is because itwas sincere and passionate. Marvells being cool, witty and somewhatthreatening. Both poets live up to their metaphysical ways on thesepoems, with their imagery, similes, metaphors, alliteration,repetition and sexually explicit words.

Canticle For Leibowitz: Walter Miller :: essays research papers

Canticle For Leibowitz Walter MillerWalter Miller, in the novel A Canticle For Leibowitz, mocks the way we ar as humans, particularly in those ways that lead to regressive thinking. Thenovel pokes manoeuvre at the circumspection to screwball detail, such as to the spent write the Leibowitz blueprints. Miller also mocks humans by describing theinordinate amount of tutelage and energy given to a spiritual being such asLeibowitz, as todays smart set worships God. Finally, the most absurd way Millermocks todays lodge occurs when he describes how they do non give somethingvery distinguished the considered maintenance that it deserves. These are threeexamples how Walter Miller mocks and shows todays society their faults.Miller mocks the way we are as humans when Francis gives too much solicitude to wordy expatiate to the Leibowitz blueprints. Brother Francisspends many years copy the blueprints of the circuit excogitate. Francis copiesthe aspiration so carefully he mistaken ly confides the color of the paper is historic to the design of the circuit. Francis is set on mindlessly copyingthe blueprint he does not realize what the circuit design is for, and what isdoes. Brother Francis thinks regressively. The monks copy out the blueprints,and thusly do nothing with them. As a society we do the akin thing today. Inschool students copy notes off the blackboard blindly, they do not know whatthey are copying. Therefore, they do not understand the content. non only does Miller also poke shimmer at impractical details, Miller alsopokes fun at the way todays society revolves is the richness of a spiritualbeing such as Leibowitz. Todays society is potently set on the existence ofGod.Todays society is mocked due to the richness of a spiritual being,like Leibowitz. The monks do not really know who Leibowitz is. in all of theinformation about Leibowitz are only rumors. No concrete show up surfaced toprove that Leibowitz exists. It is the identical in today s society with the beliefof God. No cogent conclusion that God physically exists is evident today. Most peoplestill view in God spiritually on the other hand. In compare to the bookssociety, Leibowitz is their God. When Brother Francis accidently stumbles uponpossible genuine evidence of the existence of Leibowitz, they ignore it. TheMonks narrow on the most illogical things. The only thing that theybelieve is important is a mysterious pilgrim spotted in the desert. The Monksbelieve that the pilgrim is Leibowitz himself. The Monks are aspect pastconcrete evidence wondering if it is Leibowitz who is seen desert. It seemsCanticle For Leibowitz Walter Miller essays research document Canticle For Leibowitz Walter MillerWalter Miller, in the novel A Canticle For Leibowitz, mocks the way weare as humans, particularly in those ways that lead to regressive thinking. Thenovel pokes fun at the attention to impractical details, such as to the spentcopying the Leibowitz blueprints. Mi ller also mocks humans by describing theinordinate amount of attention and energy given to a spiritual being such asLeibowitz, as todays society worships God. Finally, the most absurd way Millermocks todays society occurs when he describes how they do not give somethingvery important the considered attention that it deserves. These are threeexamples how Walter Miller mocks and shows todays society their faults.Miller mocks the way we are as humans when Francis gives too muchattention to impractical details to the Leibowitz blueprints. Brother Francisspends many years copying the blueprints of the circuit design. Francis copiesthe design so carefully he mistakenly believes the color of the paper isimportant to the design of the circuit. Francis is set on mindlessly copyingthe blueprint he does not realize what the circuit design is for, and what isdoes. Brother Francis thinks regressively. The monks copy out the blueprints,and because do nothing with them. As a society we do the sam e thing today. Inschool students copy notes off the blackboard blindly, they do not know whatthey are copying. Therefore, they do not understand the content.not only does Miller also poke fun at impractical details, Miller alsopokes fun at the way todays society revolves is the importance of a spiritualbeing such as Leibowitz. Todays society is powerfully set on the existence ofGod.Todays society is mocked due to the importance of a spiritual being,like Leibowitz. The monks do not really know who Leibowitz is. both of theinformation about Leibowitz are only rumors. No concrete evidence surfaced toprove that Leibowitz exists. It is the same in todays society with the beliefof God. No test copy that God physically exists is evident today. Most peoplestill believe in God spiritually on the other hand. In coincidence to the bookssociety, Leibowitz is their God. When Brother Francis accidently stumbles uponpossible genuine evidence of the existence of Leibowitz, they ignore it. TheMon ks repress on the most illogical things. The only thing that theybelieve is important is a mysterious pilgrim spotted in the desert. The Monksbelieve that the pilgrim is Leibowitz himself. The Monks are spirit pastconcrete evidence wondering if it is Leibowitz who is seen desert. It seems

Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar - Feminist Thought :: Feminism Feminist Women Criticism

The ships bell saccade - Feminist Thought The Bell Jar This autobiographical novel by Sylvia Plath follows the story of Esther Greenwood, a third family college savant who spends her spend at a ladys fashion magazine in Manhattan. But despite her high expectations, Esther becomes bored with her work and uncertain around her own future. She redden grows estranged from her traditional-minded boyfriend, Buddy Willard, a medical student later diagnosed with TB. Upon returning to her hometown New England suburb, Esther discovers that she was not selected to take a Harvard summer school fiction course, and subsequently starts to slip into depression. Esther finds herself unable to concentrate and transact daily tasks. Therefore she decides to undergo a few sessions with Dr. Gordon, a psychiatrist, and even undergoes treatments of electroshock therapy. As the depression sinks in, Esther becomes obsessive nearly suicide, and tries to kill herself by crawling into the cellar whe re she subsequently ingested a bottle of sleeping pills. Esthers begin fails and she is taken to a city hospital, and then over to a confidential psychiatric institution by the intervention of a benefactor. As Esther begins to recover, she develops a close relationship with her psychiatrist Dr. Nolan, and eventually leaves the hospital as a transformed woman. This transformation, spiritual reassessment or moral reconciliation is exactly the kind of happy ending described by Fay Weldon. In The Bell Jar, Sylvia Plath ends the book with the scene of Esther going into meet the doctors of the mental evaluation board. She is rest appearside the room with Dr. Nolan, observing the people around her and making observations about herself Dont be scared, Doctor Nolan had said.But inspite of Doctor Nolans reassurances, I was scared to death. There ought, I thought, to be a ritual for being born twice patched, retreaded and pass for the road, I was trying to think of an appropriate one w hen Doctor Nolan appeared out of nowhere and touched me on the shoulder. All right, Esther. I rose and followed her to the door..and manoeuvre myself by them (the doctors), as by a magical thread, I stepped into the room. (pg.199) This special assessment is significant to the rest of the work because Esther goes through a drastic change in order to get where she is now. At the start of the novel, Esther is seen as very intelligent, yet she faces the womans dilemma of choosing between career and family to the ambivalence of be a virgin.

Disjointed Characters of Faulkners Light in August Essay -- Light Aug

Disjointed Characters of A crystalize in luxurious In the novel, A Light in August, William Faulkner introduces us to a capacious range of characters of various backgrounds and personalities. Common to all of them is the fact that each is example cast into a certain usage in the novel and in society. Lena is the poor, white trash southern girl who serves to weave the story together. Hightower is the devil preacher who is the dark, shameful secret of Jefferson. Joanna Burden is the middle-aged maiden from the north-central who is often accused of being a nigger-lover. And Joe Christmas is the epitome of an outsider. None of them atomic number 18 conventional, everyday people. They are all in some way disoriented from society they do not fit in with the crowd. That is what makes them intriguing and that is why Faulkner documents their story. Percy Grimm is another such character and he plays a vital role in the novel. He is the one to finally terminate Joe Christmas, who ha s been suffering his broad(a) life. Grimm is the enforcer, the one man who will uphold Ameri locoweed pride at all costs. He also stands for everything in the world that has held Christmas back. He is the standard of the ruthless enemy who is the source of all of Christmas struggles. And Christmas can never get away him. He can run, as he has been doing all his life and as he does in his dread(a) attempt to escape. entirely he can never insure, as he tries to do at Hightowers and as he has been hiding his true self from the world he hates so much. Percy Grimm represents the unmerciful society that has restrained and persecuted Joe Christmas it is only fitting that he should be the one to finally bring him down in the end. Percy Grimm was born into the American south and grew up to be a ... ...anage after he has sabotaged his human race there. He kills McEachern and runs away from home. He gets beaten and robbed on his final dark with Bobbie. And he finally snaps and kills J oanna Burden and runs away for the last time. As he runs through the woods during his final few moments on earth, he is relentlessly chased by Percy Grimm, his enemy and torturer. In one last desperate attempt to escape, he hides at Hightowers and is subsequently discovered and execute without mercy. But by this time, he is at peace with himself, knowing that he will no longer be forced to run and hide from anything. The society that holds him with such disdain has finally won their eternal battle. But he just does not care anymore. Joe Christmas surrenders to Percy Grimm with apathetic contentment.Works CitedFaulkner, William. Light in August. 1932. New York Vintage, 1987.